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Basic Human Pathology 2 > Dermatopathology > Flashcards

Dermatopathology Flashcards

1
Q

which layer of the skin (BSGLC) acts as a water barrier

A

stratum granulosum

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2
Q

what is lichenification

A

thickened, rough skin due to repeated rubbing

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3
Q

what is a macule

A

flat, well circumscribed lesion that is less than 5 mm in size

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4
Q

what is a patch

A

flat, well circumscribed lesion that is greater than 5 mm in size

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5
Q

what is the term for separation of nail plate from nail bed

A

onycholysis

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6
Q

what is a papule

A

elevated lesion less than 5 mm in size

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7
Q

what is a nodule

A

elevated lesion greater than 5 mm in size

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8
Q

what is a plaque

A

elevated, flat topped lesion greater than 5 mm in size

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9
Q

what is a scale

A

dry, plate like lesion

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10
Q

what is a vesicle

A

fluid filled lesion less than 5 mm in size

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11
Q

what is a bulla

A

fluid filled lesion greater than 5 mm in size

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12
Q

what is a wheal

A

itchy, elevated lesion seen in allergic reactions

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13
Q

what is acanthosis

A

diffuse (spanning the entire length) epidermal hyperplasia

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14
Q

what is erosion

A

complete loss of the epidermis that does not extend past the basement membrane

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15
Q

what is ulceration

A

complete loss of the epidermis and basement membrane, thus exposing the dermis

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16
Q

what is hyperkeratosis

A

thickening of the stratum corneum (most superficial layer)

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17
Q

what is parakeratosis

A

rapid thickening of stratum corneum with retained nuclei

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18
Q

what is the term for freckles

A

ephelis

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19
Q

what is lentigo (lentigines)

A

benign hyperplasia of melanocytes

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20
Q

which type of melanocytic nevus is often associated with fibrosis

A

blue nevus

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21
Q

which type of melanocytic nevus is most common in children

A

spitz nevus

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22
Q

what causes the halo appearance in a halo nevus

A

lymphocytic infiltration

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23
Q

what mutation type are most cases of melanoma

A

sporadic

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24
Q

what is the most common cause of melanoma

A

UV radiation from sun exposure

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25
Q

what is radial growth

A

horizontal spread of melanoma

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26
Q

what is vertical growth

A

deep spread of melanoma

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27
Q

what is breslow thickness

A

used for asscessing melanoma
distance from the superficial epidermal layer to the deepest dermal cell tumor
the larger the distance, the higher probability of metastasis

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28
Q

what are the two most common subtypes of melanoma

A

superficial spreading
nodular

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29
Q

what is the most common subtype of melanoma

A

superficial spreading

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30
Q

what is seborrheic keratosis

A

benign lesion that has a stuck on appearance

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31
Q

what is acanthosis nigricans

A

thickened, hyper pigmented skin with a velvet texture
most commonly associated with diabetes

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32
Q

what is a fibroepithelial polyp (acronchordon)

A

benign skin tag

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33
Q

what is a wen

A

epithelial/follicular inclusion cyst formed by the invagination and cystic expansion of the epidermis or a hair follicle

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34
Q

what is an eccrine poroma

A

a type of adnexal (appendage) tumor
occurs mostly in palms and soles where sweat glands are numerous

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35
Q

what is a cylindroma

A

a type of adnexal (appendage) tumor that has ductal differentiation
usually occurs in forehead or scalp

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36
Q

in which condition would you see a jigsaw puzzle or giraffe spot microscopically

A

cylindroma

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37
Q

what is a syringoma

A

a type of adnexal (appendage) tumor
lesion that has eccrine differentiation, usually in multiple, small papules
caused by the proliferation of small ducts

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38
Q

what is a sebaceous adenoma

A

a type of adnexal (appendage) tumor
lesions that are associated with Lynch syndrome

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39
Q

what is a clinical variant of Lynch syndrome

A

muir-torre syndrome

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40
Q

what is a pilomatricoma

A

a type of adnexal (appendage) tumor
hair follicle tumor derived from hair matrix cells
can have multinucleated giant cells and become calcified

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41
Q

what is actinic keratosis

A

epidermal tumors occurring due to sun damaged skin
can develop into a cutaneous horn
has malignant transformation potential

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42
Q

what is actinic cheillitis

A

actinic keratosis of the lips

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43
Q

what is another term for squamous cell carcinoma in situ

A

Bowen’s disease

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44
Q

what is the most important cause of squamous cell carcinoma

A

DNA damage from exposure to UV light

45
Q

which two stains help to differentiate squamous cell carcinoma

A

p63 and CK34

46
Q

what is the staging system for squamous cell carcinoma

A

clark’s - measures depth of invasion

47
Q

what is the most invasive cancer in humans

A

basal cell carcinoma

48
Q

what is basal cell carcinoma

A

pearly papule containing dilated blood vessels
can ulcerate

49
Q

what is a benign fibrous histiocytoma (dermatofibroma)

A

tumor of the dermis that usually occurs in the legs of young women

50
Q

what is a dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans

A

tumor of the dermis that is a well differentiated nodule with a plaque that can ulcerate

51
Q

in which condition would you see a pinwheel “storiform” pattern microscopically

A

dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans

52
Q

what is Merkel cell carcinoma

A

a carcinoma of the basal layer
type of neuroendocrine tumor that primarily affects elderly and immunosuppressed individuals

53
Q

which two stains are used to identify Merkel cell carcinoma

A

synaptophysin and chromogranin

54
Q

what is the most common type of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma

A

mycosis fungoides

55
Q

what are pautrier microabscesses and in which condition are they seen

A

CD4 cells accumulate in the dermis around langerhans cells
seen in mycosis fungoides

56
Q

what is the histologic hallmark of mycosis fungoides

A

epidermotropism - tendency of lymphocytes to colonize epidermis

57
Q

what is sezary syndrome

A

a type of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma
malignant T cells in the blood cause scaling of the entire body surface (erythroderma)

58
Q

what are the two types of mastocytosis and which is most common

A

cutaenous and systemic mastocytosis

59
Q

what are the lesions called in mastocytosis cases

A

urticaria pigmentosa

60
Q

what is the darier sign

A

wheal the occurs when the skin is rubbed
seen in patients with the cutaneous T-cell lymphoma mastocytosis

61
Q

define dermatographism

A

edema resembling hives cause by stroking skin with pointed instrument
seen in patients with the cutaneous T-cell lymphoma mastocytosis

62
Q

what is ichthyosis

A

inherited disorder associated with chronic, excessive keratin buildup causing fishlike scales

63
Q

what is ichthyosis vulgaris

A

dominant type of ichthyosis that may be associated with lymphoid and visceral malignancies

64
Q

what is congenital ichthyosiform erythroderma

A

recessive type of ichthyosis that leads to very red scaly skin

65
Q

what is lamellar ichthyosis

A

recessive, X-linked type of ichthyosis that is most severe

66
Q

what is urticaria

A

hives caused by mast cell degranulation which leads to formation of wheals

67
Q

in which condition can spongiotic dermatosis (edema that seeps into the intercellular spaces of the epidermis) be seen

A

acute eczematous dermatitis

68
Q

what is erythema multiforme

A

hypersensitivity reaction to certain infections and drugs

69
Q

erythema multiforme is associated with which four conditions

A

infections
exposure to certain drugs
cancer
collagen vascular diseases

70
Q

what is Stevens-johnson syndrome

A

a form of erythema multiforme that involves the skin, lips, oral mucosa, conductive, urethra and genitals

71
Q

psoriasis is often associated with which condition

A

arthritis

72
Q

what is seborrheic dermatitis

A

inflammatory dermatosis that has a high density of sebaceous glands
presents as macule and papule on a yellow greasy base - mostly affects scalp
triggered by things like stress, illness, and cold weather

73
Q

what are the six P’s to lichen planus

A

planar
purple
polygonal
pruritic
papules
plaques

74
Q

what is pemphigus

A

inflammatory blistering disorder caused by IgG autoantibodies against desmogleins
blisters form on the skin, mouth, nose, etc

75
Q

what is the most common type of pemphigus

A

pemphigus vulgaris

76
Q

what is a subcorneal blister

A

blister beneath the stratum corneum

77
Q

what is a suprabasal blister

A

blister within the epidermis

78
Q

which type of blister is mostly seen in pemphigus vulgarism

A

suprabasal blister

79
Q

what is a subepidermal blister

A

blister that separates dermis from epidermis

80
Q

what is the most common histologic feature of pemphigus

A

acantholysis (breaking down of epidermal cells)

81
Q

what is dermatitis herpetiformis

A

inflammatory blistering disorder caused by autoantibodies to IgG that bind to proteins that are required for adherence of basal keratinocytes to the basement membrane

82
Q

dermatitis herpetiformis is associated with which condition

A

celiac disease

83
Q

what is epidermolysis bullosa

A

non-inflamamtory blistering disorder caused by a inherited defect in proteins that cause layers of the skin to bind

84
Q

what is porphyria

A

non-inflammatory blistering disorder
caused by disturbances of porphyrin (heme proteins) metabolism

85
Q

what is the most common type of porphyria

A

porphyria cutanea tarda

86
Q

what causes cutaneous porphyria

A

overproduction of photosensitizing porphyrins - leads to welts on the skin

87
Q

what are the four factors that contribute to the development of acne vulgaris

A

1.) keratin plug that blocks outflow of sebum
2.) hypertrophy of sebaceous glands
3.) lipase-synthesizing bacteria
4.) secondary inflammation of the involved follicle

88
Q

what are the four stages of rosacea

A

flushing (pre-rosacea)
persistent erythema and telangiectasia
pustules and papules
rhinopehyma (thickening of nasal skin)

89
Q

what is erythema nodosum

A

a type of panniculitis
painful, red plaques and nodules on the anterior lower legs caused by a delayed hypersensitivity reaction to microbial or drug

90
Q

what is the most common form of panniculitis

A

erythema nodosum

91
Q

what is erythema induratum

A

a type of panniculitis
mostly affects children and menopausal women
affects mostly the vessels of the calves

92
Q

what is weber-christian disease

A

a type of panniculitis
lobular panniculitis seen in the face of children and adults

93
Q

what is factitial panniculitis

A

a type of secondary panniculitis caused by self-inflicted trauma or injection of toxic substances

94
Q

which types of HPV cause anogenital warts

A

6 and 11

95
Q

which type of HPV causes genital warts

A

16

96
Q

which type of HPV causes epidermodysplasia verruciformis

A

5 and 8

97
Q

what is the most common type of wart

A

verruca vulgaris

98
Q

where are verruca plana most often found

A

face or dorsal surfaces of the hands

99
Q

where are condyloma acuminatum (venereal warts) most often found

A

genitalia

100
Q

molluscum contagiosum is caused by which virus

A

poxvirus

101
Q

what are the two types of impetigo

A

impetigo contagions
impetigo bullosa

102
Q

which type of impetigo is most common in children

A

impetigo bullosa

103
Q

honey-colored crust is most common in which bacterial infection of the skin

A

impetigo

104
Q

what is tinea capitis

A

a type of superficial fungal infection seen in mostly children

105
Q

what is tinea barbae

A

a type of superficial fungal infection of the beard area

106
Q

what is tinea corporis

A

a type of superficial fungal infection (ring worm)
red plaque with scaling border

107
Q

what is tinea cruris

A

a type of superficial fungal infection
affects obese people during warm weather and friction

108
Q

what is tinea pedis

A

a type of superficial fungal infection (athletes foot)
mostly found between the toes

109
Q

what is tinea versicolor

A

a type of superficial fungal infection of the upper trunk
caused by the yeast malassezia furfur

Basic Human Pathology 2 (14 decks)

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