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Basic Human Pathology 2 > Ophthalmic > Flashcards

Ophthalmic Flashcards

1
Q

define proptosis

A

forward displacement of the eyes like that seen in Graves disease

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1
Q

what are the three main layers of they eye starting from superficial to deep

A

1.) sclera (white)
2.) choroid (vascular)
3.) retina

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2
Q

what does OD mean in terms of the eye

A

oculus dexter - right eye

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3
Q

what does OS mean in terms of the eye

A

oculus sinister - left eye

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4
Q

what is the main structure used to help orient the eye

A

inferior oblique muscle - found on the inferior lateral aspect of the posterior eye

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5
Q

what are the three most common types of primary, vascular tumors of the orbit

A

1.) capillary hemangioma
2.) lymphangioma
3.) cavernous hemangioma

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6
Q

what is blepharitis

A

chronic inflammation and blockage of sebaceous gland at eyelid margin

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7
Q

what is chalazion

A

blepharitis that causes lipid movement into the surrounding tissue, thus provoking a granulomatous response

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8
Q

what is the most common malignancy of the eyelid

A

basal cell carcinoma

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9
Q

what are the 5 main zones of the conjunctiva

A

1.) superior conjunctival fornix
2.) inferior conjunctival fornix
3.) bulbar conjunctiva
4.) palpebral conjunctiva
5.) limbus

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10
Q

which condition can cause significant conjunctival scarring

A

long standing, untreated chlamydia trachomamtic (trachoma)

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11
Q

what is a pterygium

A

fibrous bands that grow over cornea who’s origin is likely inflammatory

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12
Q

what is a pinguecula

A

yellow submucosal elevations of conjunctiva caused by actinic damage

can become squamous cell carcinoma

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13
Q

squamous and melanocytic neoplasms develop where in the eye

A

the limbus

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14
Q

what is the most common conjunctival lesion

A

conjunctival nevus

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15
Q

the sclera may appear blue in which three conditions:

A

1.) high intraocular pressure
2.) osteogenesis imperfecta
3.) recurrent scleritis

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16
Q

define myopia

A

nearsightedness due to a long eyeball

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17
Q

define hyperopia

A

farsightedness due to a short eyeball

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18
Q

what is one of the most common eye injuries

A

abrasions

19
Q

which two infections are known to cause corneal ulceration

A

1.) herpes simplex
2.) zoster

20
Q

what are the two main types of corneal degenerations

A

1.) calcific band keratopathy
2.) actinic band keratopathy

21
Q

what is calcific band keratopathy

A

deposition of calcium in Bowman’s layer of eye

22
Q

what is actinic band keratopathy

A

aggregates on eyeball due to chronic high level UV exposure

23
Q

what is a common dystrophy of the eye

A

keratoconus - thinning, cone shaped eyeball

24
Q

keratoconus is associated with which two conditions

A

1.) Downs Syndrome
2.) Marfan Syndrome

25
Q

what is Fuchs Endothelial Dystrophy

A

loss of endothelial cells of the cornea which results in stromal edema and bulbous keratopathy

treated with a corneal transplant

26
Q

cataracts are associated with which four conditions

A

1.) diabetes mellitus
2.) Wilson disease
3.) radiation
4.) trauma

27
Q

what is the most common cause of cataracts

A

aging - cause nuclear sclerosis

28
Q

what is the most common cause of glaucoma

A

increase in ocular pressure

29
Q

what is a common complication of uveitis

A

sarcoidosis

30
Q

what it the most common intraocular malignancy of adults

A

metastasis (typically choroid) to the uvea (uveal melanoma)

31
Q

what is the most common cause of retinal detachment

A

tumor

32
Q

the eye (specifically the lens and iris) is profoundly affected by which condition

A

diabetes mellitus

33
Q

what are cotton-wool spots

A

infarcts due to the occlusion of vessels within the eye as a complication of diabetes mellitus

34
Q

cotton-wool spots are seen in which condition

A

diabetes mellitus

35
Q

what is the most common primary intraocular malignancy of children

A

retinoblastoma

36
Q

what are the two histologic hallmarks of a retinoblastoma

A

1.) flexner-wintersteiner rossettes
2.) homer wright rosettes

37
Q

what is the gross appearance of a retinoblastoma

A

chalky calcifications with yellow necrotic areas

38
Q

how long should you fix an eye specimen for

A

48 hours

39
Q

what are the ends of an eye specimen called

A

calotte

40
Q

what is the name for the upper outer quadrant of the eye

A

superotemporal quadrant

41
Q

what is the name for the lower outer quadrant of the eye

A

inferotemporal quadrant

42
Q

what is the name for the upper inner quadrant of the eye

A

superonasal quadrant

43
Q

what is the name for the lower inner quadrant of the eye

A

inferonasal quadrant

44
Q

what is important to note about an eye tumor because it must be included in the Pathologists’ report

A

the location (use quadrants)

45
Q

what is the CPT code for the eye

A

88307

Basic Human Pathology 2 (14 decks)

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