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Hematology Exam 1 > Peripheral Blood Morphology > Flashcards

Peripheral Blood Morphology Flashcards

1
Q

Mean Corpuscle Volume (MCV)

A
  • Measurement of the average volume of each RBC
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2
Q

Spherocytes

A
  • Loss of central pallor and spherical in shape
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3
Q

If a patient has Howell-Jolly bodies after a splenectomy and then later is tested and does not have them, what could have occurred?

A
  • The spleen has the ability to regenerate in various parts of the body so perhaps this is the case –> accessory spleen
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4
Q

Acanthocytes

A
  • Spur cells
  • Have larger, irregular projections
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5
Q

Polychromasia refers to

A

Red cells that have a more bluish tinge

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6
Q

If you see these cells, then it is an emergency and fatal in 80% of cases if left untreated after a few hours

A
  • Schistocytes

** MAHA

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7
Q

If due to autoimmune hemolysis, the spherocytes are

A
  • Smaller and referred to as microspherocytes
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8
Q

What would you use to measure hypochromasia?

A
  • MCH
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9
Q

In normal peripheral blood, what cell types should be present?

A

WBCs, RBCs, and platelets

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10
Q

Differential diagnoses of macrocytosis

A
  • B12/ folate deficiency
  • Liver disease
  • Thyroid disease
  • Chemotherapy (hydrea in particular)
  • Anti-retrovirals (AZT)
  • Aplastic anemia
  • MDS (myelodysplastic syndrome)
  • Elevated reticulocyte count
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11
Q

When looking at a blood smear, what part are we interested in looking at for diagnostic purposes?

A

The feathered edge

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12
Q

Megaloblastic anemia

A
  • Red cells are macrocytic
  • Hypersegmented neutrophils
  • Vit. B12 and folate deficiency will cause this
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13
Q

Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia (AIHA)

A
  • Polychromasia
  • Microspherocytes
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14
Q

Poikolocytosis refers to

A
  • Red cells that vary widely in shape
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15
Q

Howell- Jolly Bodies

A
  • Small, peripheral, round, purple inclusions that are found within the red cells that are nuclear remnants
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16
Q

Echinocytes

A
  • Burr cells
  • Have small, regular projections
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17
Q

The overarching term for red cells that vary widely in size

A

-Anisocytosis

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18
Q

Most common cause of microcytosis

A

Iron deficiency anemia

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19
Q

A normal RBC should be about the size of

A

A lymphocyte nucleus

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20
Q

What lab value can you use to determine macrocytosis?

A

MCV

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21
Q

Hypochromasia refers to

A
  • Red cells that have too little hemoglobin that results in them being less red when stained
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22
Q

Rouleaux

A
  • Linear arrangements of red cells and are described as “piles of coins on a plate”
23
Q

Which type of process should you think of when see spherocytes?

A
  • Hemolytic process
24
Q

Sickle cells are seen in which condition?

A
  • Sickle cell anemia
25
Q

Most likely, in polychromasia the large blue cells are actually what type of cell?

A
  • Reticulocytes
26
Q

Acathocytes are seen in what condition?

A

Liver disease

27
Q

What are some cells that are present after a splenectomy?

A
  • Howell- jolly bodies
  • Target cells
  • Acanthocytes –> spur cells
  • Schistocytes
  • Nucleated RBCs
28
Q
A
29
Q

Agglutination

A
  • Occurs when RBCs are coated with IgM
  • IgM is big enough to bridge 2 red cells and cause them to clump together
30
Q

Teardrop cells

A
  • Seen in myelophthisic processes, which are diseases of bone marrow infiltration
31
Q
A
32
Q

Different cell morphologies seen in liver disease

A
  • Target cells
  • Acanthocytes
  • Macrocytosis
33
Q

Beta- Thalassemia major

A

A- Target cells

B- Howell-jolly body

C- Nucleated red cell

D- Schistocyte

E- Basophilic stippling

** Teardrops can also be seen

34
Q

RBC membranes have what charge overall and what causes them to form rouleaux?

A
  • RBC membranes have a net positive charge and when there are negatively charged proteins present, that means that the RBCs will bind together
35
Q

When are Howell-Jolly bodies seen?

A
  • After splenectomy or in cases of splenic hypofunction

** May be seen in sickle cell disease and B-thalassemia major

36
Q

Teardrop cells can be seen in which conditions?

A
  • Myelofibrosis
  • Tumor metastasis to the bone marrow
  • Granulomatous diseases
  • Leukemias and lymphomas
  • Sometimes in massive splenomegaly
37
Q

What disorders are rouleaux seen in?

A
  • Mutliple myeloma
  • Waldenstrom’s macroglobulinemia
  • Severe hypo-albuminemia
38
Q

The area of central pallor is ___ than the total red cell diameter in hypochromasia.

A
  • More than 1/3 total red cell diameter

* Measured with MCH

39
Q

What does the red cell distribution width (RDW) measure?

A
  • Range of red blood cell sizes
40
Q

How can you determine microcytosis?

A
  1. Looking at the lymphocyte nucleus as a reference in the blood smear
  2. Using the MCV, which measures the average volume of each RBC
41
Q

Which type of cells will you see in a patient with sickle cell anemia along with sickle cells?

A
  • Target cells
42
Q

Differential diagnoses of target cells

A
  • Liver disease
  • Thalessemia
  • Hemoglobin C disease
  • After splenectomy

**LTHA

“Target cells are LiT, HA!”

43
Q

Echinocytes are seen in what kind of disease?

A
  • Renal disease
44
Q

Schistocytes

A
  • Red cell fragments that have sharp edges
45
Q

Spherocytes may be seen in these 2 conditons

A
  • Hereditary spherocytosis
  • Autoimmune hemolysis

** HA

46
Q

Microcytosis refers to

A

Red cells that are small

47
Q

Macrocytosis refers to

A
  • Large red cells
48
Q

Most people with MDS are

A

Normocytic

49
Q

Vit. B12 and folate deficiency will cause which type of anemia?

A
  • Megaloblastic anemia
50
Q

Shistocytes are a hallmark of what condition?

A
  • Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia (MAHA)
51
Q

Target cells look like ____

A

-Bulls-eyes

52
Q

Differential diagnoses of microcytosis

A
  • Iron deficiency
  • Thalessemia
  • Lead poisoning
  • Anemia of chronic disease (usually normocytic)
  • Sideroblastic anemia
  • Hemoglobin C disease and trait

**ITLASH

53
Q

The area of central pallor of a RBC should be about ____ of total RBC diameter

A

-1/3

54
Q

Iron Deficiency Anemia

A
  • Hypochromic, microcytic cells
  • Increased number of platelets
  • Increased RDW (so there is a wide range of sizes of RBCs)
  • Decreased MCV (microcytic)
  • Decreased MCH (low hemoglobin)
  • Target cells

Hematology Exam 1 (16 decks)

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