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Hematology Exam 1 > Malaria > Flashcards

Malaria Flashcards

1
Q

Malaria parasite infects liver cells and _____ cells

A

Red blood

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2
Q

The asexual life cycle of malarial parasite occurs in _____

A

Humans

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3
Q

The sexual life cycle and the definitive host of the malaria parasite is the _____

A

Mosquito

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4
Q

90% of cases of malaria infection occur in Africa and the main population that dies are _______

A

Children

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5
Q

The females anopheles sp. of mosquito takes what what kind of meals?

A

Blood

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6
Q

Where in the body of a human is the first place that the malaria parasite travels?

A

Liver

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7
Q

When the malaria parasite is in the liver, does the host show symptoms of infection?

A

No

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8
Q

______ (life stage) travel to the liver through the lymphatics and blood

A

Sporozoites

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9
Q

When the malaria parasite erupts from the liver, it enters into what cell type next and undergoes asexual stage of replication. This stage is then symptomatic and associated with the disease state.

A

Red blood cells

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10
Q

Malaria merozoites enter _____ cells

A

Red blood

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11
Q

In the red blood cells the malaria merozoites matures into the ring structure —> trophozoite–> _____ and then that ruptures and forms gametocytes that are infectious

A

Schizont

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12
Q

Plasmodium ____ is the most deadly cause of malaria

A

Falciparum

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13
Q

Plasmodium ____ and ____ infects reticulocytes only

A

Vivax; Ovale

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14
Q

Plasmodium _____ infects all RBC and this is likely the reason that is is most deadly

A

Falciparum

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15
Q

Plasmodium vivax and ____ have dormant stages (hyponozoites)

A

ovale

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16
Q

Plasmodium malariae infects [new/old] RBCs

A

Old

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17
Q

Plasmodium ____ has the longest asexual period inside of a human host (72 hrs)

A

Malariae

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18
Q

Where does the prepatent period of malaria infection occur and is it symptomatic or asymptomatic?

A

Liver; asymptomatic (7-14 days)

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19
Q

Periodic fever, nausea, vomiting, chills, malaise, etc. may be seen in what stage of infection with malaria?

A

Paroxysm

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20
Q

Paroxysm occurs when merozoites burst from _____ cells

A

Red blood

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21
Q

Acute febrile illness is seen in malaria after the ____ burst from red blood cells

A

Merozoites

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22
Q

Severe malaria is almost always due to Plasmodium _____

A

Falciparum

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23
Q

Symptoms of severe malaria include cerebral malaria (coma, seizures, etc.), severe ____, and multi organ failure

A

Anemia

24
Q

Plasmodium falciparum protein PfEMP1 binds to ___ on the surface of red blood cells and platelets

A

CR1

25
Q

Plasmodium falciparum protein PfEMP1 binds ____ on the cerebral microvascular endothelium

A

ICAM-1

26
Q

Plasmodium falciparum protein PfEMP1 binds ____ on placental microvascular endothelium leading to [low/high] birth weight and premature death

A

CSA; low

27
Q

Plasmodium falciparum protein PfEMP1 binds ____ on tissue microvascular endothelium leading to mild malaria

A

CD36

28
Q

Plasmodium falciparum causes clogging of the ______

A

Microvasculature

29
Q

Humans host immune response is what causes more of the symptoms of malaria. Plasmodium falciparum is unique in that it actually ____ red blood cells

A

Restructures

30
Q

Women pregnant for the first time (primigravida) are at a [higher/lower] risk of infections with Plasmodium falciparum

A

higher; they do not have immunity

31
Q

Plasmodium falciparum turn on the genes VAR2CSA to promote cytoadherance to the placenta by binding to ____ and that leads to ___ birth weights

A

CSA; low

32
Q

In a woman who has Plasmodium falciparum expressing VAR2CSA and is pregnant for the third time may be immune bc she can produce _____ to the VAR2CSA protein

A

Antibodies

33
Q

Malaria kills children in 3 ways:

A
  1. Infection in pregnancy (low birth wt, premature)
  2. Acute febrile illness (cerebral malaria, respiratory distress, hypoglycemia)
  3. Chronic repeated infections (severe anemia)
34
Q

In places with low immunity to malaria, who is at risk of having serious disease?

A

Children and adults due to them not having a lot of continual infectious bites

35
Q

In areas of high immunity (Sub-Saharan Africa, Papua New Guinea), people may be bit more than 100 times per year. Infections in adults are usually
[symptomatic/asymptomatic]

A

Asymptomatic

36
Q

Children under the age of ___ may become seriously ill from malaria in places of high immunity

A

5

37
Q

In areas of [high/low] immunity, adults must be continually exposed to infectious bites to be semi-immune

A

high

38
Q

What are some mechanisms that humans have evolved to have to protect from severe malaria infection?

A

Sickle cell trait and G6PD deficiency, thalassemia

39
Q

Loss of this receptor in people in Africa means that infection with Plasmodium vivax is less severe and there is increased resistance to infection

A

Duffy antigen receptor for chemokines (DARC)

40
Q

Ovalocytosis causes a rigid membrane in the ____ cells and that inhibits invasion of malaria parasites

A

Red blood

41
Q

What are the 3 main genetic resistance mechanisms that people in Africa have developed over time to create an inhospitable red blood cell for malaria to grow in?

A
  • Sickle cell trait
  • G6PD deficiency
  • Thalassemia
42
Q

Relapse of infection with Plasmodium vivax (and ovale) occurs due to the dormant stage in the _____

A

Liver

43
Q

Liver stages can only be treated with ______

A

Primaquine

44
Q

Primaquine causes hemolytic anemia in people with ____ deficiency

A

G6PD

45
Q

What are 2 ways to diagnose malaria?

A
  • Blood smear

- Rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs)

46
Q

Rapid Diagnostic Tests are the gold standard to diagnosing malaria. In ____ there is resistance occurring that may be detrimental

A

Eritrea

47
Q

Insecticide treated bed nets (ITNs) have an average decrease in child mortality of __%

A

20

48
Q

Indoor residual spraying (IRS) is effective only if there is an infrastructure to spray. What is the main chemical that is sprayed that targets female anopheles mosquitoes when the land on a surface?

A

DDT

49
Q

Bark of cinchona tree =

A

quinine

50
Q

Treatment of malaria began with Quinine –> Chloroquinine and Mefloquinine —> _____ –> Artemisinin combo therapies (Coartem)

A

Fansidar

51
Q

What is the treatment for Falciparum?

A

Artemisinin combo therapy (ACT)

52
Q

What are the treatments for Vivax?

A

Chloroquine, Artemisinin combo therapy (ACT) if there is chloroquine resistance; have to watch the people with G6PD deficiency bc they cannot be treated with primaquine

53
Q

Artemisinin combo therapy (ACT) is derived from ________ and is fast acting so need to use in combo with long acting drug such as mefloquine to treat malaria

A

Chinese herbal remedy

54
Q

RTS,S vaccine has an efficacy of __% against malaria and is in stage 3

A

30

55
Q

“Money is the best anti_______”

A

malarial

Hematology Exam 1 (16 decks)

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