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Hematology Exam 1 > Ehrlichia and Anaplasma > Flashcards

Ehrlichia and Anaplasma Flashcards

1
Q

After a mammalian host is infected with a vector-borne parasite, what has to happen before it becomes infectious?

A
  • Intrinsic incubation period
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2
Q

The intrinsic incubation period occurs in the _____ host

A
  • mammalian (i.e. deer)
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3
Q

The extrinsic incubation period occurs in the ____ host

A
  • arthropod (i.e. tick)
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4
Q

The extrinsic incubation period is the time that it takes for the ______ vector to become infectious

A
  • arthropod (tick)
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5
Q

Ehrlichia chafeensis infects what cell type?

A
  • Monocytes
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6
Q

Ehrlichia chafeensis cause human monocytic ehrlichiosis (HME) by infecting ______

A

Monocytes

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7
Q

Anaplasma phagocytophilum infects what cell types?

A
  • Granulocytes
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8
Q

Anaplasma phagocytophilum causes human granulocytic anaplasmosis (HGA) by infecting ______

A

granulocytes (neutrophils)

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9
Q

Malaria species infects _____ and liver cells

A

red blood cells

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10
Q

Babesia microti infects _____

A

red blood cells

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11
Q

Trypanosoma species infects monocytes and _______

A

macrophages

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12
Q

Leishmania species infects _____ and reticuloendothelial cells

A

macrophages

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13
Q

Ehrlichia & Anaplasma are a part of the ______ family

A

Rickettsia

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14
Q

Ehrlichia & Anaplasma are obligate intracellular, gram ____ bacteria and are ____ borne

A

negative; tick

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15
Q

The lone star tick is infected with _____

A
  • Ehrlichia
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16
Q

Human monocytic ehrlichiosis (HME) causes ____ and sepsis

A

Fever

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17
Q

Where and when in the US does ehrlichiosis predominate?

A
  • Southeast to south central US; spring and summer
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18
Q

Risk factors for contracting ehrlichiosis

A
  • Hiking and other outdoor sports
  • Exposure to wildlife
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19
Q

Vector for Ehrlichiosis

A
  • Lone star tick (Amblyomma americanum)
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20
Q

Animal reservoirs for ehrlichiosis

A

◦White tail deer

◦Dogs

◦Coyotes

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21
Q

Other routes of transmission of ehrlichiosis:

A

◦Maternal-child

◦Blood transfusion

◦Direct contact with slaughtered deer

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22
Q

Human monocytic Ehrlichiosis (HME) blood smear finding

A
  • See morulae in the monocytes; look like mulberries
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23
Q
  • How is ehrlichiosis diagnosed by looking at serolgy?
A
  • Indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA); compare the acute and the convalescent serology; looking backwards
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24
Q
  • Ehrliciosis may be diagnosed by examining peripheral blood smear, ____, immunochemical staining in tissues, and mainly by _____ diagnosis
A
  • PCR; clinical
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25
Q

Human granulocytic anaplasmosis (HGA) is caused by what arthropod?

A
  • Black-legged tick or deer tick
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26
Q

Anaplasmosis occurs in what region of the US?

A
  • Upper Midwest and Northeast US
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27
Q

High seroprevalence of anaplasmosis means that there is likely a lot of_______ transmission

A
  • asymptomatic
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28
Q

Deer ticks or black-legged ticks with anaplasma may be co-infected with Borrelia (cause of Lyme’s disease) or ____

A

Babesia

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29
Q

Nosocomial transmission of _____ has been noted

A

Anaplasma

30
Q

_____ may be transmitted person-person as seen in China

A
  • Anaplasma
31
Q

Peripheral blood smear of anaplasmosis

A
  • Morulae seen in neutrphils in contrast to seeing morulae in monocytes in ehrlichiosis
32
Q

GI symptoms are more frequent in ehrlichiosis/ anaplasmmosis

A
  • ehrlichiosis
33
Q

In ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis, what is the incubation period?

A
  • 1-2 weeks after bite with infected tick
34
Q

Acute febrile illness is common in infections with:

A
  • Ehrlichia and anaplasma
35
Q

Between Ehrlichiosis and Anaplasmosis, which condition has a higher mortality rate and is more severe and life threatening?

A
  • Ehrlichiosis
36
Q

If you think that someone has ehrlichiosis or anaplasmosis, but you are waiting for confirmation, should you delay treatment with doxycycline?

A
  • No, that can mean that the illness becomes serious and that may lead to hospitalization and manual ventilation and death
37
Q

What is the best antibiotic to treat ehrlichiosis or anaplasmosis?

A
  • doxycycline (which is a tetracycline); best becasue it accumulates inside of the bacteria
38
Q

Trophozoites refers to what forms of protozoa?

A
  • motile, feeding, reproducing forms
39
Q

Mastigotes refers to what kind of form of protozoa?

A
  • Flagellated
40
Q

Merozoites, schizonts, gametes, oocysts all refer to what stage of protozoan development?

A
  • Sexual stages
41
Q

Peripheral blood smear of someone with babesiosis

A
  • The Maltese cross is characteristic of babesiosis
42
Q

Babesiosis is reported in what regions of the US?

A
  • Northeast and upper midwest
43
Q

What tick is the vector for babesia?

A
  • Nymphal stage of the black-legged tick or deer tick
44
Q

What is the animal reservoir for babesia?

A
  • White-footed mouse
45
Q

What may the clinical maifestations for Babesia be?

A
  • Asymptomatic or can present with flu-like symptoms
  • Hemolytic anemia
46
Q
  • What populations of people are at a high risk of severe, life-threatening disease when infected with babesia?
A
  • Those without a spleen
  • Immunocompromised
  • Advanced age
47
Q

It can be difficult to distinguish a babesia blood smear from a ______ smear due to the similarites in the trophozoite (ring stage)

A

plasmodium (malaria)

48
Q

What are the 2 types of leishmaniasis?

A
  • Visceral
  • Cutaneous and mucocutaneous
49
Q

Leishmaniases infect what cell type?

A
  • Macrophages
50
Q

What is the vector for leishmaniases?

A
  • Female sand fly
51
Q

Kala-azar (Hindi for black fever) refers to what diseases?

A
  • visceral leishmaniases
52
Q

In some regions, humans may be a reservoir for this parasitic infection along with small rodents

A
  • leishmaniases
53
Q

Other routes of transmission of visceral leishmaniasis

A

◦Blood transfusion

◦IV Drug use, needle sharing

◦Congenital

54
Q

Clinical manifestations of visceral leishmaniasis

A
  • Irregular bouts of fever
  • Substantial weight loss
  • Swelling of spleen and liver
  • Serious anemia
  • Untreated, fatality rate in developing countries 100% within 2 years
  • Post-kala-azar dermal manifestations
55
Q

Peripheral blood smear of someone with lieshmaniasis

A
  • Infected macrophage with amastigote and kinetoblast
56
Q

Visualization of the kinetoplast is important for diagnostic purposes, to be confident the patient has _________

A

leishmaniasis

57
Q

In a bone marrow or spleen aspirate, what cells will you be looking for to have within them amastigotes for the diagnosis of leishmaniasis?

A
  • macrophages
58
Q

African trypanosomiasis is known as

A
  • Sleeping sickness
59
Q

American trypanosomiasis is known as

A
  • Chagas disease
60
Q

T. brucei causes

A

sleeping sickness

61
Q

T. cruzi causes

A
  • Chagas disease
62
Q

Tsetse fly carries _______ and causes sleeping sickness

A

T. brucei

63
Q

Reduviid kissing bug carries _____ and causes Chagas disease

A

T. cruzi

64
Q

Sleeping Sickness is seen in Africa while Chaga’s disease is mainly seen in Latin America and ________

A
  • South America
65
Q

Animal reservoir of Chaga’s disease

A

◦armadillos, raccoons

◦also dogs, guinea pigs and rats

66
Q

How does the reduviid bug transmit T. cruzi?

A
  • It bites and then poops in the place where it bit on the person’s face normally; the parasites are in the big’s GI tract
67
Q

Death due to Chagas is usaully due to _____ problems

A
  • Cardiac
68
Q

Romana’s sign is seen in what disease?

A

Chaga’s

69
Q

In acute infection of trypanosomiasis, what will be seen on a blood smear?

A
  • extracellular trypomastigotes
70
Q

In chronic infection of trypanosomiasis, what will be seen in the bone marrow aspirate or muscle biopsy?

A
  • Intracellular amastigotes

Hematology Exam 1 (16 decks)

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