Peripheral Blood and Bone Marrow

Question 1

Polycythemia

Answer 1

Abnormally high hematocrit

Question 2

MCV

Answer 2

Measures size of erythrocytes - including contributions from circulating reticulocytes (normal - 80-100 μm³)

Question 3

Reticulocytes

Answer 3

Immature (newly formed) RBCs that are slightly larger (mean MCV of 95-115 μm³)

Only 1-2% of circulating RBCs

Left shift - high reticulocyte count - may indicate pathology

Question 4

Spherocytes

Answer 4

Damaged RBCs - removed by the spleen

Question 5

Answer 5

Megakaryocyte - largest cell in marrow

Fragments to make platelets

Question 6

Zones of the platelet

Answer 6

alpha granules contain fibrinogen, coagulation factors, plasminogen, and PDGF

delta granules contain ADP, ATP, serotonin, and histamine

Lambda granules contain hydrolytic enzymes

Question 7

Answer 7

Neutrophils - polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs)

The # of lobes increase as cells age

(non-specific) Zure granules - lysosomes and contain acid phosphatase, elastase, peroxidase, and defensins

Specific granules - contain antibacterial substances such as collagenase, phospholipase, complement activators and lysozyme

Question 8

Neutrophil phagocytosis

Answer 8

Fc receptors

Complement receptors

Scavenger and TLRs

Question 9

Answer 9

Eosinophil

Nucleus is bi (or tri) lobed

Granules contain major basic protein, eosinophil cationic protein, eosinophil peroxidase, eosinophil-derived neurotoxin, and histaminase

Also contain non-specific (azure) lysosomal granules

Release histaminase to dampen effects of mast cell and basophil degranulation

Stain w/ Wright’s stain

Question 10

Answer 10

Basophil

Contain same substances as mast cell granules - heparin, histamine, heparan sulfate, and leukotrienes

Short-lived cells

IgE surface receptors (same as mast cells)

If progenitor cells are exposed to the
appropriate transcription factors they differentiate into basophils and remain in peripheral blood; if not exposed to these transcription factors, progenitor cells migrate to the spleen and after further differentiation become mast cell progenitors. The mast cell progenitors travel to CT associated with organs such as the intestine and skin where they become mature mast cells.

Question 11

Shifts in leukocyte count

Table

Answer 11

Question 13

Three lineages in hematopoiesis from the common stem cell

Answer 13

1. Erythroid/megakaryocyte lineage (RBCs/Platelets)
2. Myeloid lineage
3. Lymphoid lineage (includes NK cells)

Question 14

Hematopoiesis throughout life

Answer 14

Question 15

Answer 15

Megakaryocytes (arrows)

Question 16

Answer 16

Left: basophil
Right: neutrophil

Question 17

Answer 17

Left: lymphocyte
Right: eosinophil

Question 18

Answer 18

lymphocytes (large on right may be NK cell)

Question 19

Answer 19

Neutrophil (note drumstick)

Question 20

Answer 20

Left: Neutrophil

Right: Eosinophil

Question 21

Answer 21

Monocyte

Question 22

Answer 22

Left: Monocyte

Right: Neutrophil

Question 23

Post mitotic phase of RBC differentiation

Answer 23

Question 24

Pre-mitotic differentiation of granulocytes

Answer 24

Question 25

Stages of erythrocytic differentiation

Answer 25

Question 26

Granular leukocyte differentiation

Answer 26

Question 27

Myeloid lineage cell types

Answer 27

1. Monocytes 2. Macrophages 3. Neutrophils 4. Eosinophils 5. Basophils/mast cells 6. Dendritic cells

Question 28

Development time and life span of granulocytes vs erythrocytes

Answer 28

Question 29

Answer 29

Eosinophilic myelocyte

Question 30

Answer 30

Neutrophilic myelocyte

Question 31

Erythropoeisis

Answer 31

Question 32

Answer 32

1. Neutrophilic myelocyte 2. Eosinophilic myelocyte ## Footnote Golgi halo is characteristic of myelocytes

Question 33

Answer 33

Polychromatophilic erythroblasts

Question 34

Which of the following is characteristic of both erythropoiesis and granulopoiesis?

Answer 34

D. Cells exhibit an increase in the percentage of heterchromatin and decrease in cell size ## Footnote Erythropoeisis - increase in polysomes then decreases Granulopoeisis - increases in rER then decrease

Question 35

The luekocyte has similar properties to what cell that is normally found in connective tissue?

Answer 35

Mast cell

Question 36

Basophils have surface receptors for which immunoglobulins?

Answer 36

IgE and IgG | Same as mast cells

Question 37

Endoreduplication

Answer 37

Specific to megakaryocytes - nuclei divides but does not undergo cytokinesis