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MI Immuno/Heme > Blood parasites > Flashcards

Blood parasites Flashcards

1
Q

How is Diphyllobothrium latum acquired?

A

By eating raw or undercooked freshwater fish infected with plerocercoid larvae.

Diphyllobothrium latum (Fish Tapeworm)

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2
Q

What unique clinical feature is associated with Diphyllobothrium latum infection?

A

Vitamin B12 deficiency, potentially causing megaloblastic anemia.

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3
Q

What is the treatment for Diphyllobothrium latum?

A

Praziquantel

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4
Q

Where is Diphyllobothrium latum most prevalent?

A

Scandinavia, Chile, Argentina, and occasionally the Great Lakes region of the US.

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5
Q

What are the clinical features of Babesia infection?

A
  1. Flu-like sxs
  2. Hemolytic anemia
  3. Juandice
  4. Fever
  5. Malaise
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6
Q

What are the histologic features of Babesia infection?

A

Babesia forms Maltese cross tetrads in red blood cells.

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7
Q

Tx for Babesiosis

A

Atovaquone and azithromycin

or

Clindamycin and quinine (severe cases)

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8
Q

What are the four species of Plasmodium that infect humans?

A

P. falciparum
P. vivax
P. ovale
P. malariae

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9
Q

What is the vector for malaria?

A

Female Anopheles mosquitoes

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10
Q

How do symptoms of malaria correlate with erythrocytic cycles?

A

Fever paroxysms align with RBC rupture and merozoite release (e.g., 48-hour tertian cycles for P. vivax).

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11
Q

What is the most severe complication of P. falciparum?

A

Cerebral malaria

Causing coma, convulsions, and high mortality

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12
Q

What distinguishes recrudescence from relapse in malaria?

A

Recrudescence occurs from latent RBC merozoites

Relapse originates from dormant liver hypnozoites.

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13
Q

What is the hallmark microscopic finding of P. falciparum?

A

Banana-shaped gametocytes in blood smears

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14
Q

What are the stages of malaria symptoms?

A

Cold stage (shivering, fever onset)

hot stage (high fever, nausea),

sweating stage (profuse sweating, exhaustion)

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15
Q

What complication is characterized by “blackwater fever”?

A

Acute intravascular hemolysis, leading to dark urine from free hemoglobin

Caused by P. falciparum

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16
Q

Why is malaria particularly dangerous during pregnancy?

A

It causes placental cytoadherence, leading to fetal growth restriction, low birth weight, and increased maternal mortality.

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17
Q

What is the gold standard for diagnosing malaria?

A

Giemsa-stained blood smears.

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18
Q

How is Babesia confirmed

A

Via PCR, serology, or detection of Maltese cross formations in RBCs

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19
Q

What unique feature allows P. falciparum to cause cerebral malaria?

A

Cytoadherence of infected RBCs to brain capillaries via ICAM-1 and other receptors.

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20
Q

What virulence factor allows Diphyllobothrium latum to cause vitamin B12 deficiency?

A

Its high affinity for absorbing vitamin B12 in the intestines

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21
Q

How does P. vivax cause relapses of malaria?

A

By reactivating dormant hypnozoites in the liver

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22
Q

Describe the life cycle of Diphyllobothrium latum

A

Humans ingest infected freshwater fish → larva attaches to the small intestine → matures into an adult worm → eggs released in feces → eggs develop in water → copepods ingest larva → fish consume copepods → humans eat fis

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23
Q

Vitamin B12 deficiency leading to megaloblastic anemia, with symptoms such as fatigue, mild diarrhea, and anemia.

Parasitic infection from hematology block

A

clinical manifestation of Diphyllobothrium latum infection

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24
Q

What is the treatment of choice for Diphyllobothrium latum

A

Praziquantel

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25
Q

What is a distinguishing complication of ingesting an intermediate larval stage of Diphyllobothrium latum?

A

Formation of nodules under the skin, mistaken for tumors, that may require surgical removal.

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26
Q

What is the life cycle of Babesia in humans?

A

Ticks introduce sporozoites into the bloodstream → sporozoites infect RBCs → transform into merozoites → rupture RBCs → infect new RBCs. Occasionally, gametocytes form in humans.

27
Q

Name the four species of Plasmodium that infect humans and their associated periodicity.

A
28
Q

Two main life cycles of Plasmodium

A

Sporogony - sexual reproduction in mosquitoes

Schizogony - asexual reproduction in humans (liver and erythrocytic stages)

29
Q

What is cerebral malaria, and what causes it?

A

A severe complication of P. falciparum caused by cytoadherence of infected RBCs to brain capillaries, leading to oxygen deprivation

30
Q

What is the treatment for chloroquine-resistant P. falciparum?

A

Artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT)

31
Q

Recrudescence vs. relapse in malaria

A

Recrudescence occurs from latent parasites in RBCs (P. falciparum, P. malariae), while

relapse originates from dormant hypnozoites in the liver (P. vivax, P. ovale).

32
Q

What is the epidemiological significance of P. falciparum?

A

It causes the most severe disease and highest mortality among the Plasmodium species, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa.

33
Q

Why is P. vivax associated with relapse?

A

Hypnozoites remain dormant in the liver and can reactivate months or years later.

34
Q

What is blackwater fever?

A

A complication of P. falciparum involving massive hemolysis, leading to hemoglobinuria and kidney damage

35
Q

What stage of Diphyllobothrium latum is infectious to humans?

A

Plerocercoid larvae.

36
Q

What receptors are involved in placental malaria?

A

Chondroitin sulfate A and hyaluronic acid

37
Q

What is the unique feature of Diphyllobothrium latum eggs?

A

Eggs must reach freshwater to continue the life cycle.

38
Q

Plasmodial resistance to chloroquine

A

Due to decreased accumulation of drug in parasite food vacuole

39
Q

What drug should be given to eradicate schizoites and latent hypnozoites in a patient’s liver?

A

Primaquine

40
Q

Which drug used in malaria treatment is MOST likely to be associated with an
acute hemolytic reaction in patients with glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase deficiency?

A

Primaquine

41
Q
A

D. Nifurtimox

42
Q
A

D. Interference w/ polymerization of heme into hemozoin

43
Q
A

D. Decreased conversion of heme into hemozoin

44
Q
A

D. G6PD deficiency

45
Q
A

D. Atovaquone-proguanil

46
Q
A

A. Primaquine

47
Q

DOC for Tx of Leishmaniasis

A

Sodium stibogluconate

QT prolongation

48
Q

Cinchonism

A

An entire constellation of
symptoms comprised of:

tinnitus
high-tone deafness
visual disturbances,
headache
dysphoria
vomiting
postural hypotension
QT prolongation
rashes
increased LFTs
blindness/blurred vision
optic neuritis

Associated w/ quinine Tx

49
Q

How are Diphyllobothrium infections most commonly identified?

A

By finding proglottid segments in the stool

50
Q

Severe cases of babesiosis primarily cause which disease type?

A

C) Hemolytic anemia

51
Q

Diphyllobothrium is classified as which group of parasites?

A

Cestode

Tapeworm

52
Q

What is a histologic finding that can be used to distinguish malarial infection from babesiosis?

A

The presence of four intracellular trophozoites w/i RBC

53
Q

Which genus and species of malaria is most commonly the most severe?

A

Plasmodium falciparum

54
Q

Babesiosis is transmitted by what vector?

A

Tick

55
Q

Which peculiar characteristic is associated with Diphyllobothrium infections?

A

Vitamin deficiency

Paritcularly B12 - can cause megaloblastic anemia

56
Q
A

E. Scandinavia

57
Q
A

B. RBCs

57
Q
A

A. Small mammals (mice)

Neccessary for reproduction (similar to Lyme)

58
Q
A

D. Intermitten or constant fever

Characterizes the erythrocytic cycle of malarial infection

59
Q

Which malarial causing organism has an irregular erythrocytic cycle

A

P. falciparum (irregular tertian cycle)

60
Q
A

B. P. ovale and P. vivax

61
Q
A

B. The invasion, development of new sporozoites, and release from RBCs

62
Q
A

D. The extremely high parasitism

(increased number of parasites)

63
Q
A

D. Cerebral malaria

MI Immuno/Heme (35 decks)

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