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Anatomy II: Exam I > Peripheral and Autonomic NS and Spinal Cord > Flashcards

Peripheral and Autonomic NS and Spinal Cord Flashcards

1
Q

peripheral nerve structure

A

post/ant horn - post (post root ganglion)/ant root - spinal nerve - post/ant ramus

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2
Q

functional components of peripheral nerves and locations

A
  1. somatic afferent: post horn, PRG
  2. visceral afferent: post horn, PRG
  3. visceral efferent: lateral horn
  4. somatic efferent: anterior horn
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3
Q

nerve coverings

A
  1. epineurium: continuous w/ dura, provides tensile strength
  2. perineurium: cont with arachnoid, blood-nerve barrier
  3. endoneurium: surrounds individual fibers
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4
Q

myelin

A

membrane of glial cells, covers up to 1 mm of axon, insulates axon and increases conduction velocity

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5
Q

what makes myelin in PNS? CNS?

A

PNS: schwann cells
CNS: oligodendroglia

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6
Q

saltatory conduction

A

membrane depolarization occurs at nodes, and renewed at next node

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7
Q

fnctn assoc w/ large fiber and large myelin

A

lower motor neurons (muscle spindle primary endings, Golgi tendon organs)

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8
Q

fnctn assoc w/ intermediate fiber, intermediate myelin

A

azons to intrafusal fibers (meissners/pacinian corpuscles, merkel endings)

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9
Q

fnctn assoc w/ small fibers, small myelin

A

preganglionic autonomic (sharp pain, cold, some touch)

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10
Q

fnctn assoc w/ small fiber, no myelin

A

post ganglionic autonomin (slow pain, heat, itch, some touch)

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11
Q

receptor types and function

A
  1. chemoreceptors: taste, smell, pH, metabolite concentration
  2. photoreceptors: retinal visual receptors
  3. thermoreceptors: temperature
  4. mechanoreceptors: diverse, physical deformation, touch, m length and tension, auditory, vestibular
  5. nociceptors: pain
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12
Q

how are all receptors organized?

A
  1. receptive area: may be specialized for stimuli
  2. synaptic area: where message is sent toward CNS turn physical stim into electrical signal (receptor potential) the NS can understand
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13
Q

receptor potentials

A
  • encode intensity and duration of stimuli (electrical event neuron can understand)
  • some receptor systems are more sensitive than others ->intensity may be due to ID of receptor
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14
Q

receptive field

A
  • conveys info about the location of the stimulus

- smaller field=more sensitive and bale to distinguish 2 areas closer together

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15
Q

encapsulated receptors

A
  • muscle spindles (detect length)

- golgi tendon organs (detect tension)

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16
Q

conus medularis

A

caudal cone shaped end of SC (L1-L2)

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17
Q

2 enlargements of SC

A

more motor neurons to supply lower and upper extremities

  1. cervical enlargement: C5-T1
  2. lumbar enlargement: L2-S3
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18
Q

where do dorsal rootlets enter SC?

A

in posterolateral sulcus

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19
Q

where do ventral rootlets exit SC?

A

thru anterolateral sulcus

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20
Q

dermatomes

A

each spinal nerve innervates one dermatome, except C1 = rudimentary dorsal root

*during development each somite retains relationship w/ a spinal nerve so each part of the cord is related to part of the body

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21
Q

types of SC connectivity

A
  1. sensory
  2. motor
  3. reflexes
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22
Q

SC sensory connectivity

A

afferent fibers enter cord via dorsal roots (stay ipsilateral) can terminate in post horn or ascend to medulla

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23
Q

SC motor connectivity

A

motor neurons located in ant horns, leave cord thru ventral roots, activity modulated by descending fibers from rostral structures

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24
Q

SC reflex connectivity

A

stereotyped motor outputs, involve neural circuits contained in cord

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25
Q

anterior median fissure

A

holds anterior spinal artery

26
Q

anterior white commisure

A

at end of fissure, 2 sides of cord communicate thru it

27
Q

post medial sulcus

A

indistinct, glial septum

28
Q

post intermediate sulcus

A

at C and T levels, partially divides posterior funiculi (only above T6)

29
Q

dorsal intermediate sulcus

A

separates bundles of sensory fibers that arise from leg and arm at thoracic level

30
Q

what is associated with fasciculous gracilis?

A

leg

31
Q

what is associated with fasciculous cuneatus?

A

arm

32
Q

characteristics of lumbosacral level of cord

A
  • posterior/anterior roots of cauda equina
  • less white matter at end of cord
  • larger posterior horns
33
Q

grey matter at posterior horn

A
  • consists mainly of
    1. interneurons (processes remain in cord and projection neurons)
    2. substantia gelatinosa: pain and temp sense
    3. lissauers tract: finely myelinated and unmyelinated fibers
34
Q

important laminae in grey matter at post horn

A

I: realys sensory signals
II: substantia gelatinosa
V: relays sensory signals

35
Q

grey matter at ant horn

A

contain motor neurons that control skeletal m (lower motor neurons/alpha neurons) only means to move a muscle

36
Q

clusters of alpha motor neurons

A

medial cluster = axial mm

lateral clusters = limb mm

37
Q

whatre the 2 specialized columns at vercival levels in ant horn grey matter ?

A
  1. spinal accessory nucleus (caudal medulla to C5) forms accessory nerve
  2. phrenic nucleus: innervates disphragm m (C3-C5), makes cervical cord injury serious
38
Q

grey matter at intermediate horn

A
  • pregan symp neurons all in T1-L3, most in interomediallateral cell column (axons leave thru ventral roots)
  • S2-S4 sacral parasymp nucleus, does not form distinct horn (axons leave via ant roots and supply pelvic viscera)
39
Q

clarke’s nucleus

A
  • neurons on medial surface from T1-L2
  • in grey matter of intermediate horn
  • relay nucleus for transmission of info to cerebellum, proprioceptive info from leg
40
Q

filum terminale

A

consists of pia and arachnoid mater that extend from conus medullaris to coccyx (dura mater continues caudally, lined with arachnoid)

41
Q

what suspends the SC?

A

denticulate ligaments (pia arachnoid extensions)

42
Q

reflexes built into SC

A
  • all reflexes involve a receptor, associated afferent neuron (cell dbody in DRG) and an efferent neuron (cell body in CNS)
  • all also involve interneurons as well except stretch reflex
43
Q

stretch reflex

A

(deep tendon reflexes)

  • simplest, monosynaptic so only 2 neurons and one synapse btwn them
  • imp for movements and maintaining posture
  • striking patellar tendon activates muscle spindle
44
Q

vertebral arteries

A

form midline anterior spinal a (runs down cord in anterior median fissure)

45
Q

posterior spinal a

A
  • br of vertebral or post inferior cerebellar a

- runs in posterolateral sulcus along dorsal rootlets

46
Q

spinal aa

A

supply upper cervical areas, but too small for other areas so theyre supplemented by radicular aa at lower levels

47
Q

great radicular a

A

A of adamkiewicz

found at T12, especially large, often a br of a L post intercoastal a, supples blood to lumbosacral cord

48
Q

functional characteristics of parasym NS

A
  • enhances energy storage
  • decrease cardiac output and BP
  • increase gut peristalsis, salivation, pupillary construction and bladder contraction
49
Q

functional characteristics of symp NS

A
  • expend energy
  • increase HR
  • decrease peristalsis
  • blood move from gut to mm, adrenal gland can dump epi into circulation so widespread long lasting effects are possible
50
Q

similarities in neuroanatomy of ANS and somatic NS

A
  1. sensory fibers: ascending pathways
  2. descending pathways: control motor neurons
  3. reflexes
51
Q

differences btwn neuroanatomy of ANS and somatic NS

A

*ANS
symp and parasymp efferents do not reach their targets directly, a 2 neuron chain is involved
1. pregang cell body in CNS
2. postgang neuron in ganglion

52
Q

parasymp vs symp

A

*parasymp
pregang fibers = thin myelin
post gang = no myelin

  • symp ganglia located near CNS
  • parasymp ganglia near innervated organ (far from CNS)
53
Q

parasym vs symp NTs

A

parasymp: Ach
symp: Ach is 1st synapse, NE is 2nd

54
Q

sympathetic pregang fibers

A
  • from T1 to L2/3

- travel in spinal n to symp chain, prevertebral ganglia, adrenal gland

55
Q

parasymp pregang fibers

A
  • pregang neurons located in BS and cord
  • travel in cranial and sacral nerves
  • outflow to thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic viscera, none to limbs
56
Q

CN parasympathetics

A

III: from midbrain to ciliary ganglion to pupillary constrictor m
VII: from pons, to 1. pterygopalatine gang, to lacrimal gland OR to 2. submand gang to submand/ling salivary glands
IX: from medulla to otic gang, to parotid salivary gland
X: from medulla, term in walls of target tissues

57
Q

sacral parasympthetic outflow

A
  • sacral cord, S2-S4, lateral horn (location of pregang parasymp cell bodies)
  • axons exit within ventral roots and course with in splanchnic nn (term in wall of tissue: from trans colon to rectum location of post gang cell bodies)
58
Q

source of pregang fibers in symp thoracic SC

A

T1-L2/3

59
Q

what do symp pregang thoracic SN fibers do after leaving ventral root?

A
  1. synapse in nearest ganglion
  2. ascend chain, synapse in SCG or MCG
  3. descend, synapse in lumbar/sacral ganglia
  4. traverse chain, emerge as splanchnic nn
60
Q

how do postgang fibers rejoin spinal nn?

A

via grey communicating rami

*pos gang fibers reach head via cervical gang and carotid plexus

61
Q

referred pain

A
  • pain from viscera perceived as arising from surface

- occurs when visceral structure is innervated by same cord level as surface structure (mixed signals at SC and BS)

Anatomy II: Exam I (10 decks)

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