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Anatomy II: Exam I > Peripheral and Autonomic NS and Spinal Cord > Flashcards

Peripheral and Autonomic NS and Spinal Cord Flashcards

1
Q

peripheral nerve structure

A

post/ant horn - post (post root ganglion)/ant root - spinal nerve - post/ant ramus

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2
Q

functional components of peripheral nerves and locations

A
  1. somatic afferent: post horn, PRG
  2. visceral afferent: post horn, PRG
  3. visceral efferent: lateral horn
  4. somatic efferent: anterior horn
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3
Q

nerve coverings

A
  1. epineurium: continuous w/ dura, provides tensile strength
  2. perineurium: cont with arachnoid, blood-nerve barrier
  3. endoneurium: surrounds individual fibers
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4
Q

myelin

A

membrane of glial cells, covers up to 1 mm of axon, insulates axon and increases conduction velocity

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5
Q

what makes myelin in PNS? CNS?

A

PNS: schwann cells
CNS: oligodendroglia

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6
Q

saltatory conduction

A

membrane depolarization occurs at nodes, and renewed at next node

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7
Q

fnctn assoc w/ large fiber and large myelin

A

lower motor neurons (muscle spindle primary endings, Golgi tendon organs)

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8
Q

fnctn assoc w/ intermediate fiber, intermediate myelin

A

azons to intrafusal fibers (meissners/pacinian corpuscles, merkel endings)

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9
Q

fnctn assoc w/ small fibers, small myelin

A

preganglionic autonomic (sharp pain, cold, some touch)

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10
Q

fnctn assoc w/ small fiber, no myelin

A

post ganglionic autonomin (slow pain, heat, itch, some touch)

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11
Q

receptor types and function

A
  1. chemoreceptors: taste, smell, pH, metabolite concentration
  2. photoreceptors: retinal visual receptors
  3. thermoreceptors: temperature
  4. mechanoreceptors: diverse, physical deformation, touch, m length and tension, auditory, vestibular
  5. nociceptors: pain
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12
Q

how are all receptors organized?

A
  1. receptive area: may be specialized for stimuli
  2. synaptic area: where message is sent toward CNS turn physical stim into electrical signal (receptor potential) the NS can understand
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13
Q

receptor potentials

A
  • encode intensity and duration of stimuli (electrical event neuron can understand)
  • some receptor systems are more sensitive than others ->intensity may be due to ID of receptor
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14
Q

receptive field

A
  • conveys info about the location of the stimulus

- smaller field=more sensitive and bale to distinguish 2 areas closer together

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15
Q

encapsulated receptors

A
  • muscle spindles (detect length)

- golgi tendon organs (detect tension)

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16
Q

conus medularis

A

caudal cone shaped end of SC (L1-L2)

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17
Q

2 enlargements of SC

A

more motor neurons to supply lower and upper extremities

  1. cervical enlargement: C5-T1
  2. lumbar enlargement: L2-S3
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18
Q

where do dorsal rootlets enter SC?

A

in posterolateral sulcus

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19
Q

where do ventral rootlets exit SC?

A

thru anterolateral sulcus

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20
Q

dermatomes

A

each spinal nerve innervates one dermatome, except C1 = rudimentary dorsal root

*during development each somite retains relationship w/ a spinal nerve so each part of the cord is related to part of the body

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21
Q

types of SC connectivity

A
  1. sensory
  2. motor
  3. reflexes
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22
Q

SC sensory connectivity

A

afferent fibers enter cord via dorsal roots (stay ipsilateral) can terminate in post horn or ascend to medulla

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23
Q

SC motor connectivity

A

motor neurons located in ant horns, leave cord thru ventral roots, activity modulated by descending fibers from rostral structures

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24
Q

SC reflex connectivity

A

stereotyped motor outputs, involve neural circuits contained in cord

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25
anterior median fissure
holds anterior spinal artery
26
anterior white commisure
at end of fissure, 2 sides of cord communicate thru it
27
post medial sulcus
indistinct, glial septum
28
post intermediate sulcus
at C and T levels, partially divides posterior funiculi (only above T6)
29
dorsal intermediate sulcus
separates bundles of sensory fibers that arise from leg and arm at thoracic level
30
what is associated with fasciculous gracilis?
leg
31
what is associated with fasciculous cuneatus?
arm
32
characteristics of lumbosacral level of cord
- posterior/anterior roots of cauda equina - less white matter at end of cord - larger posterior horns
33
grey matter at posterior horn
- consists mainly of 1. interneurons (processes remain in cord and projection neurons) 2. substantia gelatinosa: pain and temp sense 3. lissauers tract: finely myelinated and unmyelinated fibers
34
important laminae in grey matter at post horn
I: realys sensory signals II: substantia gelatinosa V: relays sensory signals
35
grey matter at ant horn
contain motor neurons that control skeletal m (lower motor neurons/alpha neurons) *only means to move a muscle*
36
clusters of alpha motor neurons
medial cluster = axial mm | lateral clusters = limb mm
37
whatre the 2 specialized columns at vercival levels in ant horn grey matter ?
1. spinal accessory nucleus (caudal medulla to C5) forms accessory nerve 2. phrenic nucleus: innervates disphragm m (C3-C5), makes cervical cord injury serious
38
grey matter at intermediate horn
- pregan symp neurons all in T1-L3, most in interomediallateral cell column (axons leave thru ventral roots) - S2-S4 sacral parasymp nucleus, does not form distinct horn (axons leave via ant roots and supply pelvic viscera)
39
clarke's nucleus
- neurons on medial surface from T1-L2 - in grey matter of intermediate horn - relay nucleus for transmission of info to cerebellum, proprioceptive info from leg
40
filum terminale
consists of pia and arachnoid mater that extend from conus medullaris to coccyx (dura mater continues caudally, lined with arachnoid)
41
what suspends the SC?
denticulate ligaments (pia arachnoid extensions)
42
reflexes built into SC
- all reflexes involve a receptor, associated afferent neuron (cell dbody in DRG) and an efferent neuron (cell body in CNS) - all also involve interneurons as well except stretch reflex
43
stretch reflex
(deep tendon reflexes) - simplest, monosynaptic so only 2 neurons and one synapse btwn them * imp for movements and maintaining posture * striking patellar tendon activates muscle spindle
44
vertebral arteries
form midline anterior spinal a (runs down cord in anterior median fissure)
45
posterior spinal a
- br of vertebral or post inferior cerebellar a | - runs in posterolateral sulcus along dorsal rootlets
46
spinal aa
supply upper cervical areas, but too small for other areas so theyre supplemented by radicular aa at lower levels
47
great radicular a
*A of adamkiewicz* | found at T12, especially large, often a br of a L post intercoastal a, supples blood to lumbosacral cord
48
functional characteristics of parasym NS
- enhances energy storage - decrease cardiac output and BP - increase gut peristalsis, salivation, pupillary construction and bladder contraction
49
functional characteristics of symp NS
- expend energy - increase HR - decrease peristalsis - blood move from gut to mm, adrenal gland can dump epi into circulation so widespread long lasting effects are possible
50
similarities in neuroanatomy of ANS and somatic NS
1. sensory fibers: ascending pathways 2. descending pathways: control motor neurons 3. reflexes
51
differences btwn neuroanatomy of ANS and somatic NS
*ANS symp and parasymp efferents do not reach their targets directly, a 2 neuron chain is involved 1. pregang cell body in CNS 2. postgang neuron in ganglion
52
parasymp vs symp
*parasymp pregang fibers = thin myelin post gang = no myelin - symp ganglia located near CNS - parasymp ganglia near innervated organ (far from CNS)
53
parasym vs symp NTs
parasymp: Ach symp: Ach is 1st synapse, NE is 2nd
54
sympathetic pregang fibers
- from T1 to L2/3 | - travel in spinal n to symp chain, prevertebral ganglia, adrenal gland
55
parasymp pregang fibers
- pregang neurons located in BS and cord - travel in cranial and sacral nerves - outflow to thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic viscera, none to limbs
56
CN parasympathetics
III: from midbrain to ciliary ganglion to pupillary constrictor m VII: from pons, to 1. pterygopalatine gang, to lacrimal gland OR to 2. submand gang to submand/ling salivary glands IX: from medulla to otic gang, to parotid salivary gland X: from medulla, term in walls of target tissues
57
sacral parasympthetic outflow
- sacral cord, S2-S4, lateral horn (location of pregang parasymp cell bodies) - axons exit within ventral roots and course with in splanchnic nn (term in wall of tissue: from trans colon to rectum *location of post gang cell bodies*)
58
source of pregang fibers in symp thoracic SC
T1-L2/3
59
what do symp pregang thoracic SN fibers do after leaving ventral root?
1. synapse in nearest ganglion 2. ascend chain, synapse in SCG or MCG 3. descend, synapse in lumbar/sacral ganglia 4. traverse chain, emerge as splanchnic nn
60
how do postgang fibers rejoin spinal nn?
via grey communicating rami | *pos gang fibers reach head via cervical gang and carotid plexus
61
referred pain
- pain from viscera perceived as arising from surface | - occurs when visceral structure is innervated by same cord level as surface structure (mixed signals at SC and BS)

Anatomy II: Exam I (10 decks)

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