Intro and Brain Structure Flashcards
1
Q
decussation
A
crossing of midline of dissimilar areas
2
Q
commissure
A
connects similar areas
3
Q
types of NTs
A
- small molecule NTs
- monoamines
- neuropeptides
4
Q
small molecule NTs
A
- glutamate: excitatory
- GABA: inhibitory
- Ach: either
5
Q
monoamine
A
- dopamine: excitatory
- NE and epi: excitatory
- serotonin: excitatory
6
Q
neuropeptides
A
- ACTH: modulatory fnctns
2. substance P: modulatory fnctns
7
Q
locations on frontal lobe (motor)
A
- precentral gyrus/sulcus (post of lobe)
- frontal gyrus (sup, mid, inf)
- orbital surface, orbital/orbitofrontal gyrus
- gyrus rectus only consistent orbital gyrus
- olfactory sulcus (contains bulb and tract)
8
Q
precentral gyrus
A
frontal lobe
- primary motor cortex
- origin of descending motor pathway
- initiate voluntary movement
9
Q
premotor and supplemental motor areas
A
frontal lobe
part of precentral gyrus and close parts of sup and mid frontal gyri
-more complex movements
10
Q
Brocas area
A
frontal lobe
- inf frontal gyrus (usually L hemispahere)
- production of spoken and written language
11
Q
prefrontal cortex
A
frontal lobe
-executive fnctns (personality, foresight, insight)
12
Q
locations on lateral surface of parietal lobe (sensory)
A
- postcentral gyrus (post and almost parallel to central sulcus, extends to postcentral sulcus)
- superior parietal lobule (above intraparietal sulcus)
- inferior parietal lobule (supramarginal and angular gyri)
13
Q
locations on medial surface of parietal lobe (sensory)
A
- paracentral lobule (med part of post/precentral gyri)
2. precuneus (borders: subparietal and calcrine sulci, parieto-occipital sulcus, marginal br of cingulate sulcus
14
Q
postcentral gyrus
A
- lat parietal lobe
- primary somatosensory cortex
- initial processing of tactile and proprioceptive info
15
Q
inf parietal lobule
A
- lat parietal lobe
- usually left side
- language and comprehension
- part of Wernike’s area
16
Q
locations on lateral surface of temporal lobe
A
sup, mid, inf temporal gyrus (surface extends up to lateral sulcus, continues onto temporal operculum
17
Q
locations on inferior surface of temporal lobe
A
occipitotemporal (fusiform) gyrus (is temp and occ lobes, separates from limbic lobe by collateral sulcus
18
Q
primary auditory cortex
A
- superior surface of temp lobe
- part of sup temp gyrus
19
Q
other fnctns of temporal lobe
A
- higher order visual processing
- learning and memory (med part of lobe)
20
Q
location on lateral surface of occipital lobe (visual)
A
configuration varies, termed lateral occipital lobe
21
Q
locations on medial surface of occipital lobe (visual)
A
- cuneus (wedge shape btwn parietoccipital and calcarine sulcus)
- lingual gyrus (continuous w/ parahippocampal gyrus
22
Q
fnctns of occipital lobe
A
- almost exclusively visual
- primary visual cortex in banks of calcarine sulcus and surrounding sulcus
- rest of lobe is visual assoc cortex involved in higher order visual processing
23
Q
locations of limbic lobe
A
-mostly cingulate and parahippocampal gyri
24
Q
uncus
A
medial protrusion of anterior part of parahippocampal gyri, amygdala is deep to it
25
insula
buried deep in lateral sulcus, overlies site where telencephalon and diencephalon fuse during development
26
4 divisions of diencephalon
1. thalamus
2. hypothalamus
3. epithalamus
4. subthalamus
27
thalamus characteristics
- oval grey matter consisting of multiple nuclei
| - massa intermedia/interthalamic adhesion = are of thalamic fusion across midline
28
fnctns of thalamus
- regulate all info from cortex (imp in most CNS)
- all sensory info (except olfaction) stops here before cerebral cortex
- involved in motor system neural circuits
- limbic system projections also stop here before cortex
29
hypothalamus characteristics
separated form thalamus by hypothalamic sulcus in wall of 3rd ventricle
30
fnctns of hypothalamus
- control ANS
- major visceral control center also has limbic fnctn
- infundibular stalk connects hypothalamus w/ pituitary
31
components of basal ganglion
1. caudate
2. putamen
3. globus pallidus
- separated from thalamus by internal capsule (fiber bundle connecting cortex and deep structures)
32
fnctn of basal ganglion
involved in motor cortex
33
fnctns of BS
convey info to and from cerebrum to SC and body, give CNs
34
subdivisions of BS
1. midbrain
2. pons
3. medulla
35
CN I
- olfactory n
- goes directly to cortex
- bundle of axons that terminate in olfactory bulb at ant end of tract
36
CN II
- optic n
- joins to form optic chiasm where 1/2 of fibers cross over midline giving rise to optic tract
- embryologically part of diencephalon, so in CNS, not PNS
37
CNs of midbrain
- occulomotor n (III)
- emerges from interpeduncular fossa
- trochlear (IV)
- emerges from dorsal pt of BS *only one*
38
CNs of pons
- trigeminal (V)
- abducens (VI)
- facial (VII)
- vestibulocochlear (VIII)
- emerges from cerebellopontine angle
39
CNs of medulla
- glossopharyngeal (IX)
- vagus (X)
-accessory (XI)
emerges from upper cervical spinal cord, ascends into skull then reverses and goes to neck
-hypoglossal (XII)
40
vermis
most medial part of cerebrum and occurs at midline
41
cerebellar hemispheres
- largest parts
| - divided functionally into med and lat
42
flocculonodular lobe
imp in mediating eye movements and is heavily interconnected w/ vestibular system
43
fnctn of CSF
- suspends brain
- regulates extracellular fluid composition
- route for chem messenger distribution into CNS
44
path of CSF
out of median (Magendie) and lateral (Luschka) apertures down BS and SC or around brain surface to arachnoid granulations (villi) into sup saggital sinus
*travels down dorsal SC and up ventral SC
45
arachnoid villi
major sites for reabsorption of CSF into venous system
46
meninges
- membranous coverings suspending brain and SC and allow brain to turn with head
- CSF supports brain
47
meningeal layers
1. dura mater: outermost, toughest, periosteum of skull
2. arachnoid mater: subarachnoid space btwn arachnoid and pia contains CSF
3. pia mater: innermost, attached to CNS, goes into gyri and sulci
leptomeninges = arachnoid + pia
48
what forms intracranial compartments?
dural septa
49
falx cerebri
between cerebral hemispheres
50
tentorium cerebelli
btwn cerebrum and cerebellum
51
epidural hemorrhage
due to tear of meningeal arteries leading to blood between skull and dura
*can cause asymmetric pressure and herniation
52
subdural hemorrhage
due to tear of bridging veins leading to blood in innermost dural layer (near dura-arachnoid interface)
*can cause asymmetric pressure and herniation
53
dural venous sinuses
- 2 dural layers are not fused but open to allow venous flow
| - channel is lined by endothelium
54
sup sagittal sinus
- at site where falx cerebri attaches to the dura overlaying the cerebral convexities
- blood flows post to confluence
55
transverse sinus
paired structures located at line of attachment of tentorium to dura covering brain surface
56
superficial brain drainage
from cerebral surface into sup sag sinus
57
deep brain drainage
from internal structures into straight sinus
58
what artery supplies most of cerebrum?
internal carotid
59
what does vertebral system supply?
post fossa structures, SC, inf temp lobe, occipital lobe
60
circle of willis
interconnects vertebral and internal carotid aa and provides collateral flow WHEN NEEDED
61
path from internal carotid aa
- ascend near optic chiasm
- gives post communicating aa (inferiorly) that join w/ post cerebral aa
- bifurcate to middle cerebral aa and ant cerebral aa
- ant communicating a connects ant cerebral aa
62
vertebral aa path and brs
- runs rostrally along lat medulla
- give off
1. post inf cerebral a (PICA)
2. ant spinal a
3. post spinal a
*all fuse at pontomedullary jnctn to form basilar a
63
basilar artery brs
1. ant inf cerebellar a (AICA) (caudally)
2. sup cerebellar aa (cranially)
3. post cerebral aa (cranially)
64
BBB
- anatomic and physiologic barrier
- controls movement of materials from body ECF to brain ECF
- isolates CNS and immune system from blood
