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Anatomy II: Exam I > Intro and Brain Structure > Flashcards

Intro and Brain Structure Flashcards

1
Q

decussation

A

crossing of midline of dissimilar areas

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2
Q

commissure

A

connects similar areas

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3
Q

types of NTs

A
  1. small molecule NTs
  2. monoamines
  3. neuropeptides
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4
Q

small molecule NTs

A
  1. glutamate: excitatory
  2. GABA: inhibitory
  3. Ach: either
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5
Q

monoamine

A
  1. dopamine: excitatory
  2. NE and epi: excitatory
  3. serotonin: excitatory
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6
Q

neuropeptides

A
  1. ACTH: modulatory fnctns

2. substance P: modulatory fnctns

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7
Q

locations on frontal lobe (motor)

A
  1. precentral gyrus/sulcus (post of lobe)
  2. frontal gyrus (sup, mid, inf)
  3. orbital surface, orbital/orbitofrontal gyrus
  4. gyrus rectus only consistent orbital gyrus
  5. olfactory sulcus (contains bulb and tract)
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8
Q

precentral gyrus

A

frontal lobe

  • primary motor cortex
  • origin of descending motor pathway
  • initiate voluntary movement
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9
Q

premotor and supplemental motor areas

A

frontal lobe
part of precentral gyrus and close parts of sup and mid frontal gyri
-more complex movements

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10
Q

Brocas area

A

frontal lobe

  • inf frontal gyrus (usually L hemispahere)
  • production of spoken and written language
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11
Q

prefrontal cortex

A

frontal lobe

-executive fnctns (personality, foresight, insight)

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12
Q

locations on lateral surface of parietal lobe (sensory)

A
  1. postcentral gyrus (post and almost parallel to central sulcus, extends to postcentral sulcus)
  2. superior parietal lobule (above intraparietal sulcus)
  3. inferior parietal lobule (supramarginal and angular gyri)
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13
Q

locations on medial surface of parietal lobe (sensory)

A
  1. paracentral lobule (med part of post/precentral gyri)

2. precuneus (borders: subparietal and calcrine sulci, parieto-occipital sulcus, marginal br of cingulate sulcus

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14
Q

postcentral gyrus

A
  • lat parietal lobe
  • primary somatosensory cortex
  • initial processing of tactile and proprioceptive info
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15
Q

inf parietal lobule

A
  • lat parietal lobe
  • usually left side
  • language and comprehension
  • part of Wernike’s area
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16
Q

locations on lateral surface of temporal lobe

A

sup, mid, inf temporal gyrus (surface extends up to lateral sulcus, continues onto temporal operculum

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17
Q

locations on inferior surface of temporal lobe

A

occipitotemporal (fusiform) gyrus (is temp and occ lobes, separates from limbic lobe by collateral sulcus

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18
Q

primary auditory cortex

A
  • superior surface of temp lobe

- part of sup temp gyrus

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19
Q

other fnctns of temporal lobe

A
  • higher order visual processing

- learning and memory (med part of lobe)

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20
Q

location on lateral surface of occipital lobe (visual)

A

configuration varies, termed lateral occipital lobe

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21
Q

locations on medial surface of occipital lobe (visual)

A
  1. cuneus (wedge shape btwn parietoccipital and calcarine sulcus)
  2. lingual gyrus (continuous w/ parahippocampal gyrus
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22
Q

fnctns of occipital lobe

A
  • almost exclusively visual
  • primary visual cortex in banks of calcarine sulcus and surrounding sulcus
  • rest of lobe is visual assoc cortex involved in higher order visual processing
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23
Q

locations of limbic lobe

A

-mostly cingulate and parahippocampal gyri

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24
Q

uncus

A

medial protrusion of anterior part of parahippocampal gyri, amygdala is deep to it

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25
Q

insula

A

buried deep in lateral sulcus, overlies site where telencephalon and diencephalon fuse during development

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26
Q

4 divisions of diencephalon

A
  1. thalamus
  2. hypothalamus
  3. epithalamus
  4. subthalamus
27
Q

thalamus characteristics

A
  • oval grey matter consisting of multiple nuclei

- massa intermedia/interthalamic adhesion = are of thalamic fusion across midline

28
Q

fnctns of thalamus

A
  • regulate all info from cortex (imp in most CNS)
  • all sensory info (except olfaction) stops here before cerebral cortex
  • involved in motor system neural circuits
  • limbic system projections also stop here before cortex
29
Q

hypothalamus characteristics

A

separated form thalamus by hypothalamic sulcus in wall of 3rd ventricle

30
Q

fnctns of hypothalamus

A
  • control ANS
  • major visceral control center also has limbic fnctn
  • infundibular stalk connects hypothalamus w/ pituitary
31
Q

components of basal ganglion

A
  1. caudate
  2. putamen
  3. globus pallidus
    - separated from thalamus by internal capsule (fiber bundle connecting cortex and deep structures)
32
Q

fnctn of basal ganglion

A

involved in motor cortex

33
Q

fnctns of BS

A

convey info to and from cerebrum to SC and body, give CNs

34
Q

subdivisions of BS

A
  1. midbrain
  2. pons
  3. medulla
35
Q

CN I

A
  • olfactory n
  • goes directly to cortex
  • bundle of axons that terminate in olfactory bulb at ant end of tract
36
Q

CN II

A
  • optic n
  • joins to form optic chiasm where 1/2 of fibers cross over midline giving rise to optic tract
  • embryologically part of diencephalon, so in CNS, not PNS
37
Q

CNs of midbrain

A
  • occulomotor n (III)
  • emerges from interpeduncular fossa
  • trochlear (IV)
  • emerges from dorsal pt of BS only one
38
Q

CNs of pons

A
  • trigeminal (V)
  • abducens (VI)
  • facial (VII)
  • vestibulocochlear (VIII)
  • emerges from cerebellopontine angle
39
Q

CNs of medulla

A
  • glossopharyngeal (IX)
  • vagus (X)

-accessory (XI)
emerges from upper cervical spinal cord, ascends into skull then reverses and goes to neck

-hypoglossal (XII)

40
Q

vermis

A

most medial part of cerebrum and occurs at midline

41
Q

cerebellar hemispheres

A
  • largest parts

- divided functionally into med and lat

42
Q

flocculonodular lobe

A

imp in mediating eye movements and is heavily interconnected w/ vestibular system

43
Q

fnctn of CSF

A
  • suspends brain
  • regulates extracellular fluid composition
  • route for chem messenger distribution into CNS
44
Q

path of CSF

A

out of median (Magendie) and lateral (Luschka) apertures down BS and SC or around brain surface to arachnoid granulations (villi) into sup saggital sinus

*travels down dorsal SC and up ventral SC

45
Q

arachnoid villi

A

major sites for reabsorption of CSF into venous system

46
Q

meninges

A
  • membranous coverings suspending brain and SC and allow brain to turn with head
  • CSF supports brain
47
Q

meningeal layers

A
  1. dura mater: outermost, toughest, periosteum of skull
  2. arachnoid mater: subarachnoid space btwn arachnoid and pia contains CSF
  3. pia mater: innermost, attached to CNS, goes into gyri and sulci

leptomeninges = arachnoid + pia

48
Q

what forms intracranial compartments?

A

dural septa

49
Q

falx cerebri

A

between cerebral hemispheres

50
Q

tentorium cerebelli

A

btwn cerebrum and cerebellum

51
Q

epidural hemorrhage

A

due to tear of meningeal arteries leading to blood between skull and dura

*can cause asymmetric pressure and herniation

52
Q

subdural hemorrhage

A

due to tear of bridging veins leading to blood in innermost dural layer (near dura-arachnoid interface)

*can cause asymmetric pressure and herniation

53
Q

dural venous sinuses

A
  • 2 dural layers are not fused but open to allow venous flow

- channel is lined by endothelium

54
Q

sup sagittal sinus

A
  • at site where falx cerebri attaches to the dura overlaying the cerebral convexities
  • blood flows post to confluence
55
Q

transverse sinus

A

paired structures located at line of attachment of tentorium to dura covering brain surface

56
Q

superficial brain drainage

A

from cerebral surface into sup sag sinus

57
Q

deep brain drainage

A

from internal structures into straight sinus

58
Q

what artery supplies most of cerebrum?

A

internal carotid

59
Q

what does vertebral system supply?

A

post fossa structures, SC, inf temp lobe, occipital lobe

60
Q

circle of willis

A

interconnects vertebral and internal carotid aa and provides collateral flow WHEN NEEDED

61
Q

path from internal carotid aa

A
  • ascend near optic chiasm
  • gives post communicating aa (inferiorly) that join w/ post cerebral aa
  • bifurcate to middle cerebral aa and ant cerebral aa
  • ant communicating a connects ant cerebral aa
62
Q

vertebral aa path and brs

A
  • runs rostrally along lat medulla
  • give off
    1. post inf cerebral a (PICA)
    2. ant spinal a
    3. post spinal a

*all fuse at pontomedullary jnctn to form basilar a

63
Q

basilar artery brs

A
  1. ant inf cerebellar a (AICA) (caudally)
  2. sup cerebellar aa (cranially)
  3. post cerebral aa (cranially)
64
Q

BBB

A
  • anatomic and physiologic barrier
  • controls movement of materials from body ECF to brain ECF
  • isolates CNS and immune system from blood

Anatomy II: Exam I (10 decks)

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