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Anatomy II: Exam I > Development of the NS > Flashcards

Development of the NS Flashcards

1
Q

what is the embryological origin of the brain and SC?

A

neural tube

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2
Q

what is the embryological origin of the ventricles of the brain and SC central canal?

A

space within the neural tube

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3
Q

what are the components of the PNS?

A

ANS and Somatic NS

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4
Q

what are the divisions of the ANS?

A

sympathetic (arousing) NS

parasympathetic (calming) NS

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5
Q

what is the function of the ANS?

A

communicate with internal organs and glands

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6
Q

what are the divisions of the somatic NS?

A

sensory (afferent)

motor (efferent)

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7
Q

what is the first step of SC development?

A
  1. neural crest cells migrate away from neural folds
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8
Q

what are the neural tube walls made of during closure?

A

neuroepithelial cells

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9
Q

what do neuroepithelial cells differentiate into after tube closure?

A

neuroblasts

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10
Q

what is the mantle layer?

A

neuroepithelial cells and neuroblasts

grey matter

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11
Q

where do nerve fibers emerge?

A

from neuroblasts in space outside mantle layer

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12
Q

what is the marginal layer?

A

contains nerve fibers, neuroblasts, and neuroepithelial cells
white matter

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13
Q

how do alar plates form?

A

proliferation of mantle layer in dorsal region

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14
Q

how do basal plates form?

A

proliferation of mantle layer in ventral region

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15
Q

what separates L and R sides of SC?

A

floor and roof plates

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16
Q

what is the sulcus limitans?

A

area separating basal and alar plates

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17
Q

what forms dorsal (sensory) horns?

A

alar plates

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18
Q

what forms ventral (motor) horns?

A

basal plates

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19
Q

what forms intermediate horns?

A

basal plates

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20
Q

what do the intermediate horns contain and where are they found?

A

presynaptic sympathetic nerve cell bodies

only in T1-L2/3

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21
Q

what do neuroepithelial cells produce after neuroblasts?

A

gliablasts

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22
Q

where do gliablasts go and what do they form?

A

marginal layer and from astrocytes
OR
mantle layer and form oligodendroglia

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23
Q

what do astrocytes do?

A

interface neurons and blood supply, aid neuron support and metabolism

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24
Q

what do neuroepithelial cells differentiate to after gliablasts?

A

ependymal cells

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25
Q

what do ependymal cells do?

A

line central canal of SC and other ventricular spaces in CNS

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26
Q

what do basal plate axons do?

A

pass thru marginal layer and form central motor root of spinal n

27
Q

what type of neurons come from basal plate?

A

somatic and autonomic

28
Q

what do alar plate axons do?

A

ascend or descend thru marginal layer and for association neurons

29
Q

what type of neurons come from alar plate?

A

interneurons

30
Q

what forms a spinal nerve?

A

ventral nerve root (from basal plate) and dorsal nerve root (from neural crest cells)

31
Q

what do spinal nn split into?

A

ventral and dorsal primary rami (both have mixed fibers)

32
Q

what do dorsal primary rami innervate?

A

dorsal axial musculoskeletal structures

33
Q

what do ventral primary rami innervate?

A

limbs and body wall

34
Q

SC positioning changes

A

3 mos: SC and vertebral col are same length, roots exit straight via intervertebral foramen

birth: vertebral col and dura grow longer than SC, nerve roots run obliquely to exit
adult: SC terminates at L2/3, dura at S2, nerve roots run oblique and coalesce to form spinal n w/in intervertebral foramen

35
Q

where is a lumbar puncture done?

A

at or below L2/3

36
Q

what are the 3 primary brain vesicles?

A
  1. prosencephalon (forebrain)
  2. mesencephalon (midbrain)
  3. rhombencephalon (hindbrain)
37
Q

what secondary vesicles form from prosencephalon?

A
  1. telencephalon

2. diencephalon

38
Q

what secondary vesicles form from mesencephalon?

A

mesencephalon

39
Q

what secondary vesicles form from rhombencephalon?

A
  1. metencephalon

2. myelencephalon

40
Q

what adult brain structures form from telencephalon?

A

cerebrum (cortex, white matter, basal nuclei)

41
Q

what adult brain structures form from diencephalon?

A

diencephalon (hypothalamus, epithalamus, thalamus)

42
Q

what adult brain structures form from mesencephalon?

A

brain stem (midbrain)

43
Q

what adult brain structures form from metencephalon?

A

BS (pons)

cerebellum

44
Q

what adult brain structures form from myelencephalon?

A

BS (medulla)

45
Q

what forms the brain ventricles?

A

lat: telencephalon
3rd: diencephalon
aqueduct: mesencephalon
4th: met/myelencephalon

46
Q

what happens to alar and basal plates as you ascend?

A

alar plates are accentuated and basal plates regress

47
Q

plate positioning in medulla

A

basal = medial, alar = lat

all same size, all 6 groups present

48
Q

plate positioning in pons

A

basal = medial, alar = lat

same size, 6 groups present

49
Q

plate positioning in midbrain

A

basal = ventral, alar = dorsal
basal forms SE and GVE
alar forms superior (ant) colliculi, inferior (post) colliculi

50
Q

what does the diencephalon form?

A
  1. choroid plexus of 3rd ventricle
  2. pineal body (epiphysis)
  3. pituitary gland (hypophysis)
51
Q

pineal body

A

modulates light/dark impacts on endocrine system and behavior

52
Q

pituitary gland

A

formed from rathke’s pouch and infundibulum

53
Q

what does the corpus stratium consist of?

A
  1. basal ganglia

2. internal capsule

54
Q

2 parts of basal ganglia

A
  1. caudate nucleus: contains endorphins

2. lenticular nucleus: made of putamen and globulus pallidus

55
Q

how do cerebral hemisphere lobes form?

A

growth of hemispheres leads to convolution (gyri) with sulci and fissures between them

56
Q

what is the interventricular foramen (of Monro)?

A

CSF filled cavity connecting lat ventricle to 3rd ventricle

57
Q

what are the choroid plexuses?

A

roof plate formed by ependymal cells covered in pia mater

  • in 4th vent: makes CSF
  • in 3rd vent: makes pineal body
58
Q

what is myelination and what does it do?

A

white matter insulating and protecting axons by coiling around repeatedly

increases amplitube and speed of impulses

59
Q

myelin in CNS

A

oligodendroglia, can serve up to 50 axons

60
Q

myelin in PNS

A

schwann cells, can only serve 1 axon

61
Q

what is spina bifida?

A

openings in spinal region, varying degrees of deficits depending on location

62
Q

what is anencephaly?

A

cranial region opening, brain doesn’t develop, always lethal

63
Q

what is hydrocephaly?

A

increased CSF within brain

Anatomy II: Exam I (10 decks)

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