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Anatomy II: Exam I > Development of the NS > Flashcards

Development of the NS Flashcards

1
Q

what is the embryological origin of the brain and SC?

A

neural tube

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2
Q

what is the embryological origin of the ventricles of the brain and SC central canal?

A

space within the neural tube

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3
Q

what are the components of the PNS?

A

ANS and Somatic NS

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4
Q

what are the divisions of the ANS?

A

sympathetic (arousing) NS

parasympathetic (calming) NS

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5
Q

what is the function of the ANS?

A

communicate with internal organs and glands

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6
Q

what are the divisions of the somatic NS?

A

sensory (afferent)

motor (efferent)

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7
Q

what is the first step of SC development?

A
  1. neural crest cells migrate away from neural folds
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8
Q

what are the neural tube walls made of during closure?

A

neuroepithelial cells

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9
Q

what do neuroepithelial cells differentiate into after tube closure?

A

neuroblasts

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10
Q

what is the mantle layer?

A

neuroepithelial cells and neuroblasts

grey matter

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11
Q

where do nerve fibers emerge?

A

from neuroblasts in space outside mantle layer

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12
Q

what is the marginal layer?

A

contains nerve fibers, neuroblasts, and neuroepithelial cells
white matter

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13
Q

how do alar plates form?

A

proliferation of mantle layer in dorsal region

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14
Q

how do basal plates form?

A

proliferation of mantle layer in ventral region

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15
Q

what separates L and R sides of SC?

A

floor and roof plates

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16
Q

what is the sulcus limitans?

A

area separating basal and alar plates

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17
Q

what forms dorsal (sensory) horns?

A

alar plates

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18
Q

what forms ventral (motor) horns?

A

basal plates

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19
Q

what forms intermediate horns?

A

basal plates

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20
Q

what do the intermediate horns contain and where are they found?

A

presynaptic sympathetic nerve cell bodies

only in T1-L2/3

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21
Q

what do neuroepithelial cells produce after neuroblasts?

A

gliablasts

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22
Q

where do gliablasts go and what do they form?

A

marginal layer and from astrocytes
OR
mantle layer and form oligodendroglia

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23
Q

what do astrocytes do?

A

interface neurons and blood supply, aid neuron support and metabolism

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24
Q

what do neuroepithelial cells differentiate to after gliablasts?

A

ependymal cells

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25
what do ependymal cells do?
line central canal of SC and other ventricular spaces in CNS
26
what do basal plate axons do?
pass thru marginal layer and form central motor root of spinal n
27
what type of neurons come from basal plate?
somatic and autonomic
28
what do alar plate axons do?
ascend or descend thru marginal layer and for association neurons
29
what type of neurons come from alar plate?
interneurons
30
what forms a spinal nerve?
ventral nerve root (from basal plate) and dorsal nerve root (from neural crest cells)
31
what do spinal nn split into?
ventral and dorsal primary rami (both have mixed fibers)
32
what do dorsal primary rami innervate?
dorsal axial musculoskeletal structures
33
what do ventral primary rami innervate?
limbs and body wall
34
SC positioning changes
3 mos: SC and vertebral col are same length, roots exit straight via intervertebral foramen birth: vertebral col and dura grow longer than SC, nerve roots run obliquely to exit adult: SC terminates at L2/3, dura at S2, nerve roots run oblique and coalesce to form spinal n w/in intervertebral foramen
35
where is a lumbar puncture done?
at or below L2/3
36
what are the 3 primary brain vesicles?
1. prosencephalon (forebrain) 2. mesencephalon (midbrain) 3. rhombencephalon (hindbrain)
37
what secondary vesicles form from prosencephalon?
1. telencephalon | 2. diencephalon
38
what secondary vesicles form from mesencephalon?
mesencephalon
39
what secondary vesicles form from rhombencephalon?
1. metencephalon | 2. myelencephalon
40
what adult brain structures form from telencephalon?
cerebrum (cortex, white matter, basal nuclei)
41
what adult brain structures form from diencephalon?
diencephalon (hypothalamus, epithalamus, thalamus)
42
what adult brain structures form from mesencephalon?
brain stem (midbrain)
43
what adult brain structures form from metencephalon?
BS (pons) | cerebellum
44
what adult brain structures form from myelencephalon?
BS (medulla)
45
what forms the brain ventricles?
lat: telencephalon 3rd: diencephalon aqueduct: mesencephalon 4th: met/myelencephalon
46
what happens to alar and basal plates as you ascend?
alar plates are accentuated and basal plates regress
47
plate positioning in medulla
basal = medial, alar = lat | all same size, all 6 groups present
48
plate positioning in pons
basal = medial, alar = lat | same size, 6 groups present
49
plate positioning in midbrain
basal = ventral, alar = dorsal basal forms SE and GVE alar forms superior (ant) colliculi, inferior (post) colliculi
50
what does the diencephalon form?
1. choroid plexus of 3rd ventricle 2. pineal body (epiphysis) 3. pituitary gland (hypophysis)
51
pineal body
modulates light/dark impacts on endocrine system and behavior
52
pituitary gland
formed from rathke's pouch and infundibulum
53
what does the corpus stratium consist of?
1. basal ganglia | 2. internal capsule
54
2 parts of basal ganglia
1. caudate nucleus: contains endorphins | 2. lenticular nucleus: made of putamen and globulus pallidus
55
how do cerebral hemisphere lobes form?
growth of hemispheres leads to convolution (gyri) with sulci and fissures between them
56
what is the interventricular foramen (of Monro)?
CSF filled cavity connecting lat ventricle to 3rd ventricle
57
what are the choroid plexuses?
roof plate formed by ependymal cells covered in pia mater * in 4th vent: makes CSF * in 3rd vent: makes pineal body
58
what is myelination and what does it do?
white matter insulating and protecting axons by coiling around repeatedly increases amplitube and speed of impulses
59
myelin in CNS
oligodendroglia, can serve up to 50 axons
60
myelin in PNS
schwann cells, can only serve 1 axon
61
what is spina bifida?
openings in spinal region, varying degrees of deficits depending on location
62
what is anencephaly?
cranial region opening, brain doesn't develop, always lethal
63
what is hydrocephaly?
increased CSF within brain

Anatomy II: Exam I (10 decks)

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