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Anatomy II: Exam I > Nervous Tissue Histo > Flashcards

Nervous Tissue Histo Flashcards

1
Q

functions of the NS

A
  1. gather info/sensory input via sensory receptors
  2. process and interpret sensory input and decide what action to take (integration)
  3. produce response or motor output activating effector organs
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2
Q

divisions of the NS

A

CNS: integrative and control centers of body, brain and SC
PNS: communication btwn CNS and rest of body, all structures outside of CNS (CN, spinal nerves, ganglia, plexuses)

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3
Q

types of cells found in nervous tissue

A
  1. nerve cells/neurons

2. neuroglia/glia/supporting cells

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4
Q

characteristics of nerve cells/neurons

A

excitable, irritable (can produce/transmit APs), cannot undergo mitosis

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5
Q

characteristics of neuroglia

A

don’t produce APs, more numerous than neurons, do mitosis

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6
Q

special characteristics of neurons

A
  1. extreme longevity: last over 100 years
  2. most are amitotic: lose ability to divide as they set up synapses
  3. high metabloic rate: dead w/in a few min w/out O2
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7
Q

structural components of neurons

A
  1. neuron cell body

2. processes

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8
Q

types of processes on neurons

A
  1. dendrites

2. axons

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9
Q

neuron cell bodies

A
  • perikaryon*
  • fnctn as biosynthetic center of neuron
  • no centrioles (no mitosis)
  • always unmyelinated (no APs
  • have Nissl bodies
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10
Q

Nissl bodies

A

dark spots of RER and free ribosomes, only visible with hematoxylin

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11
Q

dendrites

A
  • fnctn as main receptive/input region of neuron
  • always unmyelianted (no APs)
  • neurons can have 1 or more
  • dendritic spines give lots of surface area
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12
Q

axons

A

(nerve fiber)

  • fnctn to conduct signal/generate and transmit APs
  • can be myelinated
  • neurons only have 1
  • axon terminals release NT (after influx of Ca and depolarization) onto another neuron or effector cell
  • anterograde or retrograde transport
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13
Q

structural classes of neurons

A
  1. multipolar: 3 or more processes (most abundant)
  2. bipolar: 2 processes (rare, in special senses)
  3. unipolar: 1 process (mainly in PNS)
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14
Q

functional classes of neurons

A
  1. sensory/afferent: toward CNS
  2. motor/efferent: away from CNS
  3. interneurons/association: found between motor and sensory
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15
Q

function of multipolar neurons

A

sensory, motor, or interneuron

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16
Q

function of bipolar neurons

A

motor/efferent only

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17
Q

function of unipolar neurons

A

motor/efferent only

18
Q

synapse classifications

A
  1. axodendritic: axon terminal -> dendrite
  2. axosomatic: axon terminal -> cell body
  3. axoaxonic: between axons
  4. dendrodendritic: between dendrites
  5. dendrosomatic: dendrite -> cell body
19
Q

varieties of synapses

A
  1. electrical

2. chemical

20
Q

electrical synapses

A
  • AP conducted directly btwn adjacent cells via gap jnctns

- found where fast responses are required

21
Q

chemical synapses

A
  • slower than electrical

- have to go electrical - chem - electrical

22
Q

steps in chemical synapse

A
  1. impulse arrives at presynaptic axon
  2. depolarization, voltage gated Ca channels open
  3. Ca signals for release of NT via exocytosis
  4. NT binds to NT receptor at postsynaptic membrane (part of ligand gates channel)
  5. binding of NT opens channels, ions flow across mem
  6. local changes in mem potential (post synaptic potential)
23
Q

how can NT be removed from postsynaptic receptor?

A
  1. degradation by enzymes
  2. reuptake by astrocytes or presynaptic terminal
  3. diffusion away from synapse
24
Q

types of neuroglia

A
  1. oligodendrocytes
  2. astrocytes
  3. ependymal cells
  4. microglia
  5. schwann cells
  6. satellite cells
25
Q

oligodendrocytes

A
  • line up in rows
  • have condensed round nuclei and unstained cytoplasm
  • have processes that wrap around a couple different axons in CNS -> myelination
26
Q

astrocytes

A
  • star shaped
  • in CNS
  • lots of functional diversity
  • patrol ionic environment around neurons, regulate [K]
  • helps w/ BBB (transfers substances between vessels and neurons
27
Q

ependymal cells

A
  • low columnar/cuboidal
  • line ventricles and central canal of SC
  • have cilia to flow CSF
  • make up choroid plexuses that make CSF
28
Q

microglia

A
  • in grey and white matter
  • can see spikes w/ special staining
  • elongated nucleus
  • originate as monocytes
  • can proliferate
  • analyze tissue for damaged cells
29
Q

schwann cells

A
  • neurolemmocytes*
  • produce myelin in PNS
  • 1 cell = 1 myelin sheath
30
Q

satellite cell

A
  • in PNS
  • surround cell bodies of neurons in gnaglions
  • fnctn in metabolic exchange and structural support
31
Q

white matter

A

composed primarily of myelinated axons and some neuroglia

32
Q

grey matter

A

composed of neuronal cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons, axon terminals, neuroglia

grey bc Nissl bodies and no myelin

33
Q

what is a bundle of neuronal axons in PNS?

A

nerve

34
Q

what is a bundle of neuronal axons in CNS?

A

tract

35
Q

what is a cluster of neuronal cell bodies in PNS?

A

ganglion

36
Q

what is a cluster of neuronal cell bodies in CNS?

A

nucleus

37
Q

what are the components of a nerve?

A
  1. neuron processes
  2. schwann cells
  3. CT
  4. BVs
  5. lymphatic vessels
38
Q

what is the organization of a nerve?

A
  1. endoneurium: surrounds nerve fibers
  2. perineurium: forms fascicles
  3. epineurium: surround entire nerve
39
Q

fnctn of myelin

A
  1. protect/electrically insulate axons

2. increase speed of nerve impulse transmission

40
Q

node of ranvier

A

where AP is regenerated between sections of myelin

41
Q

factors for impulse propagation rate

A
  1. axon diameter: larger = faster

2. myelination: continuous = unmyelinated, saltatory = myelinated

Anatomy II: Exam I (10 decks)

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