periodic table and bonding Flashcards
what do elements in the same group on the periodic table have in common?
elements in the same group of the periodic table have similar properties
what is the Basic Atomic structure, The Bohr Model?
it is a model of an atom that shows all the atoms electrons in circular obits around the nucleus which contains protons and neutrons.
describe an atom
Atoms are the smallest building blocks of matter and make up everything around us. each atom has a the nucleus that is made up of protons and neutrons. it has a positively charged nucleus and is surrounded by negatively charged electrons.
what are ionic bonds formed from?
a non metal and a metal.
what are covalent bonds formed from?
two non metals.
how are groups and periods organized?
groups: vertical
periods: horizontal
what do elements in the same period have in common?
Atoms in a period have the same number of electron shells
what do elements in the same group have in common?
Atoms in a group share the same number of valence electrons (same amount of electrons in the valence (last) shell)
what is the atomic number and mass?
atomic mass = A (number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus)
atomic number = Z (the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom)
where are the metals and non-metals located on the periodic table?
The metals are to the left of the line (except for hydrogen, which is a nonmetal), the nonmetals are to the right of the line
what are the names of the groups on the periodic table?
Group I (Alkali metals), Group 2 (Alkali earth metals), Group 17 (halogens), and Group 18 (Noble Gases). The middle block on the periodic table is called the Transition metals block
what are the physical properties of metals?
good conductors of heat and electricity, high density, malleable and ductile.
what is the structure of atoms in terms of electron shells?
The electrons in an atom are arranged in shells that surround the nucleus, with each successive shell being farther from the nucleus. Electron shells consist of one or more subshells
what is the maximum number of electrons in each shell of an atom?
2, 8, 8
what is an atom’s valence electrons
valence electrons are the electrons in the outermost shell. for example, oxygen has six valence electrons, two in the 1st shell and four in the 2nd shell
Identify an element from its configuration and know the outermost electrons are called valence electron
count the electrons and match to element atomic number
1st and 2nds represent first and second shell. what is the electronic configuration of Potassium (K) and Fluorine(F)? Be able to draw each and represent numericall
K: 2,8,8,1
F: 2, 7
Explain how the electronic structure of an atom determines its position in the periodic table and its chemical activity(metal reactivity is the focus)
Elements in groups 1 & 2 have low ionization energy
They lose electrons easily, so they are highly reactive
As atomic radius increases in these groups, less energy is needed to remove valence electrons because they are further from the nucleus and held less firmly
Larger atoms in Groups 1 and 2 tend to be more reactive
Interpret metal reactivity series (given) to determine which metals will displace another metal from solutions
elements located higher on the reactivity series will have higher reactivity due to the difference in stability of their electron configurations as atoms and as ions
Interpret practical results to determine the reactivity series for certain metals
from left to right on the periodic table the reactivity decrease. in an experiment it can be found that a more reactive element will displace the less reactive.
Apply the results of a metal reactivity series to predict and explain possible metal displacement reaction
Based on this series, zinc is more reactive than copper. Therefore, we can predict that zinc will displace copper from copper sulfate in a displacement reaction. This is because zinc has a greater tendency to lose electrons and form positive ions compared to copper
what are the the reactivity trends in the Periodic Table?
Metal reactivity decreases from left to right across periods and increases down groups (the bigger the atomic number the higher the reactivity.)
Ionic Bonding -Understand elements that will form ionic bond
Ionic bonds occur between metals, losing electrons, and nonmetals, gaining electrons. Ions with opposite charges will attract one another creating an ionic bond
Identify the ions that will form an element (Cations & Anions)
cation(metal)
sodium 1+
mg2+
anion
oxygen: O2-
chlorine Cl-
Covalent bonding-Identify elements that will form covalent bonds
all non metals such as
hydrogen
oxygen
chlorine
sulfur
Understand the lattice structure of ionic compounds and why
a repeating 3 dimensional pattern of atoms in a crystal.
Describe the structure of covalent bonds and link this to the properties of covalently bonded molecules
mutual sharing of one or more pairs of electrons between two atoms
the atoms outer valence shells connect
Draw the covalent bonding in simple molecules: (Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Water, Carbon Dioxide and Methane)
draw covalent bonding (sharing to gain full electron shells)
ionic: transfer, covalent: sharing
atoms are always neutral
how to find the formula for an element
find the formula for an element by finding how many more or less electrons are needed. for example oxygen’s atomic number is 8 with 2 in the first shell and 6 in the second shell. it needs 2 more electrons therefore O2 is the formula
what is a valence shell?
the last shell of an atom
brackets for molecules as they are made from 2 elements when calculating formulas
