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APUSH > Period 8 (1945 - 1980) > Flashcards

Period 8 (1945 - 1980) Flashcards

1
Q

Effects of Korean War

A
  • Armistice 1953
  • Justification to expand military
  • Red Scare intensifies
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2
Q

Truman Foreign Policy

A
  • Containment
  • Truman Doctrine
  • Marshall Plan
  • support vulnerable countries to avoid spread of Communism
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3
Q

Truman Doctrine (1947)

A
  • Support other countries from Communism
  • Issued after Turkey & Greece were being pressured after not adhering to Communist demands
  • Truman 1947
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4
Q

Marshall Plan (1947)

A
  • US will provide economic support to post-war Europe
  • 13b
  • created to give better support than the Communists could offer
  • healthy economy = democracy
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5
Q

NATO (1948)

A
  • North Atlantic Trade Treaty Organization
  • purpose: promote peace and cooperation between European countries
  • led to Warsaw Pact
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6
Q

Warsaw Pact

A
  • Answer to NATO
  • Defense treaty of Soviets and Soviet satellites
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7
Q

National Security Act (1947)

A

Creates:
- Dept. of Defense
- National Security Council
- CIA

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8
Q

Sino-Soviet Pact (1950)

A
  • China & Soviets
  • Ended Chinese Civil War
  • Peace
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9
Q

Why did the US get involved in the Korean War?

A

Communist North Korea invaded South Korea

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10
Q

McCarthyism

A
  • Trial of Alger Hiss
  • Rosenberg Trial
  • Hollywood 10
  • Communist Witch-Hunt
  • Claimed he knew of 205 gov. officials who were Communist
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11
Q

Trial of Alger Hiss (1950)

A

Convicted of being a government spy for Soviets by McCarthy

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12
Q

Rosenberg Trial (1951)

A
  • Husband and wife found guilty of selling secrets to Soviets by McCarthy
  • Executed in electric chair
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13
Q

Dixiecrats

A
  • came in after Dem Party split at Election of 1848
  • Southern States Rights
  • opposed desegregation
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14
Q

Truman’s Fair Deal

A
  • increasing health insurance
  • increasing minimum wage
  • most of it was blocked by Congress
  • Cold War fears took precedence
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15
Q

GI Bill (Serviceman’s Readjustment Act) (1944)

A
  • gave money for vets to go to college
  • housing
  • unemployment insurance
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16
Q

Migration during this time was to…

A
  • Sun Belt (supported financially by gov), White Flight, CA, TX, FL, AZ, & SE region
  • More African American migration to cities to low-income housing
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17
Q

General post-WW2/Cold War societal trend towards…

A

conformity

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18
Q

Election of 1952

A

Eisenhower & Nixon VP

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19
Q

Committee of Civil Rights (1946)

A
  • Truman
  • strengthen & safeguard rights of US people`
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20
Q

Who desegregated the military?

A

Truman in 1948

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21
Q

Who was the first African American MLB Player? (or at least known to be)

A

Jackie Robinson with the Brooklyn Dodgers

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22
Q

CORE (1942)

A
  • Congress of Racial Equality
  • founded by James Farmer
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23
Q

Great Society (1964)

A
  • LBJ’s domestic policy
  • “War on Poverty”
  • Housing & Urban Development
  • Elem. & Sec. Ed Act
  • Head Start
  • Medicare & Medicaid
  • Food stamp act
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24
Q

Medicare

A
  • LBJ / Great Society
  • elderly health insurance
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25
Q

Medicaid

A
  • LBJ / Great Society
  • poor health insurance
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26
Q

Kent State University Massacre (1970)

A

Ohio National Guard opened fire on students protesting Cambodia campaign in Vietnam, killing 4 and wounding 9 others

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27
Q

Geneva Accords (1954)

A
  • intended to settle issues from Korean War & Indochina War
  • French agreed to withdraw troops from Vietnam
  • Vietnam would have elections for a president again
  • Vietnam would become an independent nation
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28
Q

Domino Theory

A

Once one country falls to Communism, others will soon follow

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29
Q

N. Vietnam allies

A
  • Soviets
  • Vietcong (rebels in s. vietnam fighting from the inside)
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30
Q

South Vietnam allies

A
  • US
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31
Q

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution (1964)

A
  • Gave Prez power to commit troops w/o permission of Congress
  • LBJ
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32
Q

Weapons from Vietnam War

A
  • Agent Orange
  • Napalm
  • Flame throwers
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33
Q

Vietnamese Draft complaints

A
  • mostly poor & minorities
  • allowed to dodge if you had money or were a student
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34
Q

Tet Offensive

A

N. Vietnamese attack on 36 cities including Khe San on the holiday of Tet, killing lots. Made US oublic opinion of Vietnam fall

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35
Q

My Lai Massacre

A

US troops mudered entire village as revenge for Tet Offensive. Covered up for a year, but found in leaked Pentagon Papers

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36
Q

SDS

A
  • Students for a Democratic Society
  • Tom Hayden
  • Port Huron, MI
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37
Q

Vietnamization

A

Slow process of withdrawing US troops from Vietnam

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38
Q

Woodstock (1969)

A
  • Concert turned protest for Vietnam
  • 40k people
  • drugs, alcohol, free love
  • high point of counterculture
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39
Q

Paris Peace Accords (1973)

A
  • ended US action in Vietnam
  • release of POWs
  • Saigon fell days after US left there
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40
Q

The Feminine Mystique (1963)

A
  • Betty Friedan (also founded NOW)
  • empowered 2nd wave feminism
  • proved that women actually do want rights and education
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41
Q

NOW (1966)

A
  • National Organization of Women established due to failure of EEOC to uphold Title VII
  • equal pay and treatment
  • founded by Betty Friedan
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42
Q

Title VII

A

no employer discrimmination based on gender

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43
Q

Main complaints of Women Liberation

A
  • Glass Ceiling
  • Reproductive rights
  • college & employer discrimmination
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44
Q

When did the FDA approve the contraceptive pill?

A

1960

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45
Q

WEAL (1968)

A

Women’s Equity Action League formed by anti-abortion, pro-women’s rights groups

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46
Q

1st Black woman to run for the US Presidency in the primary

A

Shirley Chisholm

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47
Q

When did Roe v Wade legalize abortion?

A

1973

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48
Q

Harvey Milk

A
  • 1st openly gay man to be elected to position of power
  • murdered
  • huge upset in Gay Liberation movement
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49
Q

Silent Spring by Rachel Carson

A

detailed impact of chemicals in the environment

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50
Q

Wilderness Act of 1964

A

established “wild places” protected from development

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51
Q

Civil Rights Act of 1964

A

Prohibited discrimination from large employers

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52
Q

University of CA vs Bakke

A

race can be used as a factor determining admission & we don’t have to reserve spots for minorities

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53
Q

Chicana Movement

A
  • Furthered Mexican-American rights / integration
  • 1st National Chicana Conference in Houston 1971
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54
Q

The New Left

A
  • college educated white males
  • critique of capitalism, tech, conformity, & empire
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55
Q

Greenpeace (1971)

A

Small group of students that sailed to Alaska to oppose nuclear tests in Aleutian Islands

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56
Q

Nixon Domestic Policy

A
  • restore “law & order” at home
  • New Federalism
  • slow integration in order to win support of South
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57
Q

New Federalism

A
  • Nixon
  • states’ job to take care of people
  • federal cut backs
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58
Q

Busing

A

transporting kids from one school district to another every day as a way to desegregate

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59
Q

Stagflation

A
  • Nixon
  • high inflation, high unemployment
  • result of LBJ’s defecit spending on war & social programs
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60
Q

OPEC

A
  • Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
  • refused to do business w/ US after Israel v Palestine war, huge crisis
  • mostly Arab countries
61
Q

Nixon foreign policy

A
  • Detente
  • reduce Cold War
  • improved relations with USSR & China
62
Q

Watergate (1972)

A

Nixon made agents break into hotel rooms of Dem. Convention goers to bug them. He had to resign after being impeached. People lost trust in gov.

63
Q

Sat. Night Massacre

A

Nixon firing prosecuters who subpeona’d Watergate tapes

64
Q

Ford domestic policy

A
  • asks public to cut back use of oil & gas to save energy; fails
  • cuts gov. spending
  • “tight money” policy triggers reccession
65
Q

Ford foreign policy

A
  • similar to Nixon’s
  • Signs Helsinki Accords
66
Q

Helsinki Accords

A

Peace Talks during cold war between East & West Europe

67
Q

Cold War

A

Conflict between two forces in which neither engages in open warfare

68
Q

Causes of Cold War

A
  • Communism vs Democracy; both are naturally very expansionist and want the entire world to be one way or another
  • Rather than letting new colonies have their own gov after ww2, Stalin kept his troops stationed there to create buffer between him and Germany, turning them into Communist Satellite states
  • Berlin was divided into 4 substates for each of the 4 main powers to rule (like the rest of Germany), but Berlin itself was in the middle of Soviet ruled part of Germany - Berlin Blockade
69
Q

Containment

A

Contain the spread of Communism

70
Q

Berlin Blockade

A
  • Stalin blocking canals, roads, RR that western powers used to supply Berlin
  • led to Berlin Airlift
71
Q

Berlin Airlift

A
  • US & Allied planes delivering supplies to Berlin as a response to Berlin Blockade
  • prevented Soviets from taking over city
72
Q

Hydrogen Bomb (1952)

A
  • US made, 2nd kind of atomic bomb (created after 1st in WW2)
  • response to USSR’s creation of their atomic bomb (made after ours in WW2)
  • led to Soviets testing THEIR first hydrogen bomb, etc etc
73
Q

Mutual Assured Destruction

A

Both Soviets and US would destroy each other if they ever actually used the nuclear weapons that they were stockpiling

74
Q

Proxy War

A
  • Vietnam, Korean War, etc
  • Wars being fought by 2 different countries, but US and USSR backed opposing sides
75
Q

Causes of Korean War (1950)

A
  • N. Korea, supplied by USSR, invades S. Korea, supplied by US
  • Cold War
76
Q

Who led US & UN troops in the Korean War

A

Douglas MacCarthur

77
Q

What kind of war was the Korean War?

78
Q

The Korean War was a direct result of….

A

Truman’s containment policy

79
Q

2nd Red Scare

A
  • after WW2
  • had to pledge yourself to US & that you aren’t Communist in many places
80
Q

Taft-Hartley Act

A
  • Made it more difficult for Unions to strike
  • Union leaders had to pledge that they weren’t Communist
81
Q

Federal Employee Loyalty & Security Program

A
  • Truman
  • Swear you weren’t Communist or Fascist
  • let gov & business look into employee backgrounds
82
Q

Unamerican Activities Committee

A

Looking into citizens being Communist, especially in film industry

83
Q

Hollywood 10

A
  • 10 prominent Hollywood directors had to testify they weren’t communist
84
Q

Interstate Highway System (1956)

A
  • Created as a possible escape route for nuclear war
  • created by 1956 Interstate Highway Act
85
Q

The economy after WW2 was …

A

Prosperous! Caused by increased productivity and larger federal spending

86
Q

When was the Baby Boom?

A

1945 - 1960

87
Q

Effects of Baby Boom

A
  • housing construction
  • suburbs (fueled by cars)
88
Q

Who often lived in suburbs?

A

White middle class

89
Q

Levittown

A
  • Conservative suburb community
  • William J Levitt
  • conformity
  • low-cost homes
  • NY
90
Q

Why did many move to the Sunbelt?

A
  • tired of coldness
  • highways made migration easier
  • many GIs came
  • gov. supported industrial growth
91
Q

Mass culture causes

A
  • Communist Witch Hunt; do not raise suspicions
  • TV had few networks; many showed ideal family & life, like Leave It To Beaver
  • Ads described products as ways to belong
92
Q

Why were credit cards introduced

A

Increased productivity means more goods than people can afford at the moment

93
Q

Famous rock and roll star in the black community

A

Chuck Berry

94
Q

Beatniks (generation)

A
  • poets who rebelled against conformity
  • Jack Kerouac “on the road”
95
Q

JD Salinger

A
  • Catcher in the Rye
  • against mass conformity
96
Q

Executive Order 9981

A
  • Truman
  • banned segregation in armed forces
  • signed 1948, but not enforced until Korean War in 1950
97
Q

Truman stance on civil rights

A

in support, but not enough to lose Southern support

98
Q

Committee of Civil Rights

A
  • 1946
  • Truman
  • re-examining conditions of civil rights and how to fix
  • recommended integrating armed forces, eliminating poll taxes & lynching
99
Q

24th Amendment (1964)

A

Abolished poll tax

100
Q

Brown vs Board of Education (1954)

A
  • Oliver Brown’s daughter had to attend a far-away black school rather than close white school; violates 14th amendment
  • overturned Plessey v Ferguson
  • Separate but equal is not equal; integrate them!
  • Huge southern resistance –> Southern Manifesto
101
Q

Southern Manifesto

A
  • created after Brown v Board of Ed
  • SCOTUS is abusing power, so schools will be shut down rather than integrate
102
Q

Orval Fabus

A

AK gov who called in National Guard to stop Little Rock 9

103
Q

Little Rock 9

A

9 students in AK who integrated schools. Protected by Truman Ntl Guard

104
Q

Decolonization

A
  • Colonies starting to get self-determination
  • desired by US & USSR bc they could easily be swayed
105
Q

Fidel Castro

A

overthrew Cuban gov & became dictator (also Communist)

106
Q

Bay of Pigs

A

Cuban insurrectionists trained by US to overthrow Castro Communist regime. Huge failure, led to further alienation of Cuba & communism

107
Q

Cuban Missile Crisis

A
  • partially caused by Bay of Pigs alienation
  • Soviet nuclear weapons being stockpiled
  • Scared it was to attack US
  • We basically did the same thing in Turkey
  • Soviets stood down after negotiatians
108
Q

Ho Chi Minh

A

Communist leader of N. Vietnam

109
Q

Ho Chi Minh

A

Communist leader of N. Vietnam

110
Q

Which prez argued the Domino Theory?

A

Eisenhower - reasoning behind supporting S. Vietnam

111
Q

Military Industrial Complex

A
  • the amount of military products we were making
  • Eisenhower warned this large production would cause gov policy to be biased to favor production
112
Q

Which prez essentially started the Vietnam War

A

JFK. Eisenhower had sent money to them previously, but warned JFK of the domino theory and encouraged him to get invovled. We didn’t officially start the proxy war until LBJ

113
Q

Gulf of Tonkin Incident

A
  • N. Vietnamese supposedly fired on US battleship full of “advisors” in Gulf of Tonkin
  • LBJ used it as justification to officially get militarily involved
  • passed Gulf of Tonkin Res
114
Q

LBJ Vietnam Strategy

A
  • step by step escalation
  • bring more and more pressure for N. Vietnam to stop, but it didn’t work
  • based off the assumption that Vietnam was primitive
115
Q

Difference between Vietnam & WW1/WW2

A
  • tons of people dying for unknown cause rather than to fight fascism
  • TV War
  • War was never even officially declared by Congress
116
Q

Vietnam propaganda

A

LBJ disillusioned public; painted rosy picture that wasn’t true

117
Q

Credability Gap

A

LBJ is lying to us and we can see it on TV reels

118
Q

Which prez effectively ended Vietnam War?

119
Q

Office of Economic Oppurtunity (1964)

A
  • LBJ Great Society
  • self-help programs like literacy & economic education for poverty
120
Q

Why was Great Society effective

A
  • liberalized country
  • very democratic
121
Q

Federalism

A
  • state and central gov act in separate ways and together
  • Great Society expanded this
122
Q

Warren Court

A
  • expanded liberalism
  • Gideon v Wainwright
  • Griswold v Connecticut
  • Engel v Vitale
  • Baker v Carr
123
Q

Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)

A
  • if someone can’t afford their own attorney, court will do it for them
  • Warren Court
  • Liberal
124
Q

Griswold vs Conneticut (1965)

A
  • laws that forbid the use of birth control were unconstitutional
  • Warren Court
  • liberal
125
Q

Engel v Vitale (1962)

A
  • School prayer is unconstitutional under 1st Amendment (separates Church & State)
  • Warren Court
  • Liberal
126
Q

Baker v Carr (1962)

A
  • States must redraw their legislative districts to accurately uphold voting rights
  • Warren Court
  • liberal
127
Q

Montgomery Bus Boycott (1965)

A

After Rosa Parks is arrested, all buses are boycotted for a year. Company ended this policy.

128
Q

MLK’s viewpoint on how to spark change

A
  • civil disobedience
129
Q

Southern Christian Leadership Conference

A
  • worked with MLK
  • Civil Rights
130
Q

Bull Connor

A

Directed Montgomery police to use firehoses to disperse civil rights protests

131
Q

Children’s Crusade

A
  • children fighting for civil rights
  • were hit with fire hoses
132
Q

March on Washington (1963)

A
  • civil rights protest
  • MLK “I have a dream”
133
Q

March on Washington (1963)

A
  • civil rights protest
  • MLK “I have a dream”
134
Q

Malcom X

A
  • no integration; we need seperation
  • counter white violence w/ black violence
135
Q

Black Panther

A
  • violent group for civil rights
136
Q

Loving vs Virginia

A

ended state laws that made interracial marriage illegal

137
Q

Where was MLK assasinated?

A

Memphis, 1968

138
Q

Ms. Magazine

A

founded by Glora Steinam, women empowerment

139
Q

Phyllis Schlafely

A
  • led stop ERA campaign
  • anti-women’s rights
  • made ERA fail to be ratified
140
Q

Sexual Revolution

A

made casual romantic relationships normal, birth control, antibiotics, etc

141
Q

United Farm Workers

A
  • Delores Huerta & Cesar Chavez
  • protect interests on migrant farm workers
  • boycott of grapes to gain more wages
142
Q

American Indian Movement

A
  • reclaim heritage
  • self-determination
  • address systemic poverty
143
Q

Alcatraz Island

A
  • abandoned in 1960s
  • any abandoned land would be returned back to native inhabitants
144
Q

Stonewall Inn

A
  • raided bc known gay bar
  • led to protests & Gay Liberation
145
Q

Young Americans for Freedom

A
  • conservative
  • support Vietnam bc it contains Communism
146
Q

Port Huron Statement

A
  • SDS
  • stressed participatory democracy & gov action
147
Q

Haight-ashbury district

A

home of many hippies

148
Q

Three Mile Island

A

Nuclear disaster in Penny State

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