Period 8 (1945 - 1980) Flashcards
1
Q
Effects of Korean War
A
- Armistice 1953
- Justification to expand military
- Red Scare intensifies
2
Q
Truman Foreign Policy
A
- Containment
- Truman Doctrine
- Marshall Plan
- support vulnerable countries to avoid spread of Communism
3
Q
Truman Doctrine (1947)
A
- Support other countries from Communism
- Issued after Turkey & Greece were being pressured after not adhering to Communist demands
- Truman 1947
4
Q
Marshall Plan (1947)
A
- US will provide economic support to post-war Europe
- 13b
- created to give better support than the Communists could offer
- healthy economy = democracy
5
Q
NATO (1948)
A
- North Atlantic Trade Treaty Organization
- purpose: promote peace and cooperation between European countries
- led to Warsaw Pact
6
Q
Warsaw Pact
A
- Answer to NATO
- Defense treaty of Soviets and Soviet satellites
7
Q
National Security Act (1947)
A
Creates:
- Dept. of Defense
- National Security Council
- CIA
8
Q
Sino-Soviet Pact (1950)
A
- China & Soviets
- Ended Chinese Civil War
- Peace
9
Q
Why did the US get involved in the Korean War?
A
Communist North Korea invaded South Korea
10
Q
McCarthyism
A
- Trial of Alger Hiss
- Rosenberg Trial
- Hollywood 10
- Communist Witch-Hunt
- Claimed he knew of 205 gov. officials who were Communist
11
Q
Trial of Alger Hiss (1950)
A
Convicted of being a government spy for Soviets by McCarthy
12
Q
Rosenberg Trial (1951)
A
- Husband and wife found guilty of selling secrets to Soviets by McCarthy
- Executed in electric chair
13
Q
Dixiecrats
A
- came in after Dem Party split at Election of 1848
- Southern States Rights
- opposed desegregation
14
Q
Truman’s Fair Deal
A
- increasing health insurance
- increasing minimum wage
- most of it was blocked by Congress
- Cold War fears took precedence
15
Q
GI Bill (Serviceman’s Readjustment Act) (1944)
A
- gave money for vets to go to college
- housing
- unemployment insurance
16
Q
Migration during this time was to…
A
- Sun Belt (supported financially by gov), White Flight, CA, TX, FL, AZ, & SE region
- More African American migration to cities to low-income housing
17
Q
General post-WW2/Cold War societal trend towards…
A
conformity
18
Q
Election of 1952
A
Eisenhower & Nixon VP
19
Q
Committee of Civil Rights (1946)
A
- Truman
- strengthen & safeguard rights of US people`
20
Q
Who desegregated the military?
A
Truman in 1948
21
Q
Who was the first African American MLB Player? (or at least known to be)
A
Jackie Robinson with the Brooklyn Dodgers
22
Q
CORE (1942)
A
- Congress of Racial Equality
- founded by James Farmer
23
Q
Great Society (1964)
A
- LBJ’s domestic policy
- “War on Poverty”
- Housing & Urban Development
- Elem. & Sec. Ed Act
- Head Start
- Medicare & Medicaid
- Food stamp act
24
Q
Medicare
A
- LBJ / Great Society
- elderly health insurance
25
Medicaid
- LBJ / Great Society
- poor health insurance
26
Kent State University Massacre (1970)
Ohio National Guard opened fire on students protesting Cambodia campaign in Vietnam, killing 4 and wounding 9 others
27
Geneva Accords (1954)
- intended to settle issues from Korean War & Indochina War
- French agreed to withdraw troops from Vietnam
- Vietnam would have elections for a president again
- Vietnam would become an independent nation
28
Domino Theory
Once one country falls to Communism, others will soon follow
29
N. Vietnam allies
- Soviets
- Vietcong (rebels in s. vietnam fighting from the inside)
30
South Vietnam allies
- US
31
Gulf of Tonkin Resolution (1964)
- Gave Prez power to commit troops w/o permission of Congress
- LBJ
32
Weapons from Vietnam War
- Agent Orange
- Napalm
- Flame throwers
33
Vietnamese Draft complaints
- mostly poor & minorities
- allowed to dodge if you had money or were a student
34
Tet Offensive
N. Vietnamese attack on 36 cities including Khe San on the holiday of Tet, killing lots. Made US oublic opinion of Vietnam fall
35
My Lai Massacre
US troops mudered entire village as revenge for Tet Offensive. Covered up for a year, but found in leaked Pentagon Papers
36
SDS
- Students for a Democratic Society
- Tom Hayden
- Port Huron, MI
37
Vietnamization
Slow process of withdrawing US troops from Vietnam
38
Woodstock (1969)
- Concert turned protest for Vietnam
- 40k people
- drugs, alcohol, free love
- high point of counterculture
39
Paris Peace Accords (1973)
- ended US action in Vietnam
- release of POWs
- Saigon fell days after US left there
40
The Feminine Mystique (1963)
- Betty Friedan (also founded NOW)
- empowered 2nd wave feminism
- proved that women actually do want rights and education
41
NOW (1966)
- National Organization of Women established due to failure of EEOC to uphold Title VII
- equal pay and treatment
- founded by Betty Friedan
42
Title VII
no employer discrimmination based on gender
43
Main complaints of Women Liberation
- Glass Ceiling
- Reproductive rights
- college & employer discrimmination
44
When did the FDA approve the contraceptive pill?
1960
45
WEAL (1968)
Women's Equity Action League formed by anti-abortion, pro-women's rights groups
46
1st Black woman to run for the US Presidency in the primary
Shirley Chisholm
47
When did Roe v Wade legalize abortion?
1973
48
Harvey Milk
- 1st openly gay man to be elected to position of power
- murdered
- huge upset in Gay Liberation movement
49
Silent Spring by Rachel Carson
detailed impact of chemicals in the environment
50
Wilderness Act of 1964
established "wild places" protected from development
51
Civil Rights Act of 1964
Prohibited discrimination from large employers
52
University of CA vs Bakke
race can be used as a factor determining admission & we don't have to reserve spots for minorities
53
Chicana Movement
- Furthered Mexican-American rights / integration
- 1st National Chicana Conference in Houston 1971
54
The New Left
- college educated white males
- critique of capitalism, tech, conformity, & empire
55
Greenpeace (1971)
Small group of students that sailed to Alaska to oppose nuclear tests in Aleutian Islands
56
Nixon Domestic Policy
- restore "law & order" at home
- New Federalism
- slow integration in order to win support of South
57
New Federalism
- Nixon
- states' job to take care of people
- federal cut backs
58
Busing
transporting kids from one school district to another every day as a way to desegregate
59
Stagflation
- Nixon
- high inflation, high unemployment
- result of LBJ's defecit spending on war & social programs
60
OPEC
- Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
- refused to do business w/ US after Israel v Palestine war, huge crisis
- mostly Arab countries
61
Nixon foreign policy
- Detente
- reduce Cold War
- improved relations with USSR & China
62
Watergate (1972)
Nixon made agents break into hotel rooms of Dem. Convention goers to bug them. He had to resign after being impeached. People lost trust in gov.
63
Sat. Night Massacre
Nixon firing prosecuters who subpeona'd Watergate tapes
64
Ford domestic policy
- asks public to cut back use of oil & gas to save energy; fails
- cuts gov. spending
- "tight money" policy triggers reccession
65
Ford foreign policy
- similar to Nixon's
- Signs Helsinki Accords
66
Helsinki Accords
Peace Talks during cold war between East & West Europe
67
Cold War
Conflict between two forces in which neither engages in open warfare
68
Causes of Cold War
- Communism vs Democracy; both are naturally very expansionist and want the entire world to be one way or another
- Rather than letting new colonies have their own gov after ww2, Stalin kept his troops stationed there to create buffer between him and Germany, turning them into Communist Satellite states
- Berlin was divided into 4 substates for each of the 4 main powers to rule (like the rest of Germany), but Berlin itself was in the middle of Soviet ruled part of Germany - Berlin Blockade
69
Containment
Contain the spread of Communism
70
Berlin Blockade
- Stalin blocking canals, roads, RR that western powers used to supply Berlin
- led to Berlin Airlift
71
Berlin Airlift
- US & Allied planes delivering supplies to Berlin as a response to Berlin Blockade
- prevented Soviets from taking over city
72
Hydrogen Bomb (1952)
- US made, 2nd kind of atomic bomb (created after 1st in WW2)
- response to USSR's creation of their atomic bomb (made after ours in WW2)
- led to Soviets testing THEIR first hydrogen bomb, etc etc
73
Mutual Assured Destruction
Both Soviets and US would destroy each other if they ever actually used the nuclear weapons that they were stockpiling
74
Proxy War
- Vietnam, Korean War, etc
- Wars being fought by 2 different countries, but US and USSR backed opposing sides
75
Causes of Korean War (1950)
- N. Korea, supplied by USSR, invades S. Korea, supplied by US
- Cold War
76
Who led US & UN troops in the Korean War
Douglas MacCarthur
77
What kind of war was the Korean War?
Proxy
78
The Korean War was a direct result of....
Truman's containment policy
79
2nd Red Scare
- after WW2
- had to pledge yourself to US & that you aren't Communist in many places
80
Taft-Hartley Act
- Made it more difficult for Unions to strike
- Union leaders had to pledge that they weren't Communist
81
Federal Employee Loyalty & Security Program
- Truman
- Swear you weren't Communist or Fascist
- let gov & business look into employee backgrounds
82
Unamerican Activities Committee
Looking into citizens being Communist, especially in film industry
83
Hollywood 10
- 10 prominent Hollywood directors had to testify they weren't communist
84
Interstate Highway System (1956)
- Created as a possible escape route for nuclear war
- created by 1956 Interstate Highway Act
85
The economy after WW2 was ...
Prosperous! Caused by increased productivity and larger federal spending
86
When was the Baby Boom?
1945 - 1960
87
Effects of Baby Boom
- housing construction
- suburbs (fueled by cars)
88
Who often lived in suburbs?
White middle class
89
Levittown
- Conservative suburb community
- William J Levitt
- conformity
- low-cost homes
- NY
90
Why did many move to the Sunbelt?
- tired of coldness
- highways made migration easier
- many GIs came
- gov. supported industrial growth
91
Mass culture causes
- Communist Witch Hunt; do not raise suspicions
- TV had few networks; many showed ideal family & life, like Leave It To Beaver
- Ads described products as ways to belong
92
Why were credit cards introduced
Increased productivity means more goods than people can afford at the moment
93
Famous rock and roll star in the black community
Chuck Berry
94
Beatniks (generation)
- poets who rebelled against conformity
- Jack Kerouac "on the road"
95
JD Salinger
- Catcher in the Rye
- against mass conformity
96
Executive Order 9981
- Truman
- banned segregation in armed forces
- signed 1948, but not enforced until Korean War in 1950
97
Truman stance on civil rights
in support, but not enough to lose Southern support
98
Committee of Civil Rights
- 1946
- Truman
- re-examining conditions of civil rights and how to fix
- recommended integrating armed forces, eliminating poll taxes & lynching
99
24th Amendment (1964)
Abolished poll tax
100
Brown vs Board of Education (1954)
- Oliver Brown's daughter had to attend a far-away black school rather than close white school; violates 14th amendment
- overturned Plessey v Ferguson
- Separate but equal is not equal; integrate them!
- Huge southern resistance --> Southern Manifesto
101
Southern Manifesto
- created after Brown v Board of Ed
- SCOTUS is abusing power, so schools will be shut down rather than integrate
102
Orval Fabus
AK gov who called in National Guard to stop Little Rock 9
103
Little Rock 9
9 students in AK who integrated schools. Protected by Truman Ntl Guard
104
Decolonization
- Colonies starting to get self-determination
- desired by US & USSR bc they could easily be swayed
105
Fidel Castro
overthrew Cuban gov & became dictator (also Communist)
106
Bay of Pigs
Cuban insurrectionists trained by US to overthrow Castro Communist regime. Huge failure, led to further alienation of Cuba & communism
107
Cuban Missile Crisis
- partially caused by Bay of Pigs alienation
- Soviet nuclear weapons being stockpiled
- Scared it was to attack US
- We basically did the same thing in Turkey
- Soviets stood down after negotiatians
108
Ho Chi Minh
Communist leader of N. Vietnam
109
Ho Chi Minh
Communist leader of N. Vietnam
110
Which prez argued the Domino Theory?
Eisenhower - reasoning behind supporting S. Vietnam
111
Military Industrial Complex
- the amount of military products we were making
- Eisenhower warned this large production would cause gov policy to be biased to favor production
112
Which prez essentially started the Vietnam War
JFK. Eisenhower had sent money to them previously, but warned JFK of the domino theory and encouraged him to get invovled. We didn't officially start the proxy war until LBJ
113
Gulf of Tonkin Incident
- N. Vietnamese supposedly fired on US battleship full of "advisors" in Gulf of Tonkin
- LBJ used it as justification to officially get militarily involved
- passed Gulf of Tonkin Res
114
LBJ Vietnam Strategy
- step by step escalation
- bring more and more pressure for N. Vietnam to stop, but it didn't work
- based off the assumption that Vietnam was primitive
115
Difference between Vietnam & WW1/WW2
- tons of people dying for unknown cause rather than to fight fascism
- TV War
- War was never even officially declared by Congress
116
Vietnam propaganda
LBJ disillusioned public; painted rosy picture that wasn't true
117
Credability Gap
LBJ is lying to us and we can see it on TV reels
118
Which prez effectively ended Vietnam War?
Nixon
119
Office of Economic Oppurtunity (1964)
- LBJ Great Society
- self-help programs like literacy & economic education for poverty
120
Why was Great Society effective
- liberalized country
- very democratic
121
Federalism
- state and central gov act in separate ways and together
- Great Society expanded this
122
Warren Court
- expanded liberalism
- Gideon v Wainwright
- Griswold v Connecticut
- Engel v Vitale
- Baker v Carr
123
Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)
- if someone can't afford their own attorney, court will do it for them
- Warren Court
- Liberal
124
Griswold vs Conneticut (1965)
- laws that forbid the use of birth control were unconstitutional
- Warren Court
- liberal
125
Engel v Vitale (1962)
- School prayer is unconstitutional under 1st Amendment (separates Church & State)
- Warren Court
- Liberal
126
Baker v Carr (1962)
- States must redraw their legislative districts to accurately uphold voting rights
- Warren Court
- liberal
127
Montgomery Bus Boycott (1965)
After Rosa Parks is arrested, all buses are boycotted for a year. Company ended this policy.
128
MLK's viewpoint on how to spark change
- civil disobedience
129
Southern Christian Leadership Conference
- worked with MLK
- Civil Rights
130
Bull Connor
Directed Montgomery police to use firehoses to disperse civil rights protests
131
Children's Crusade
- children fighting for civil rights
- were hit with fire hoses
132
March on Washington (1963)
- civil rights protest
- MLK "I have a dream"
133
March on Washington (1963)
- civil rights protest
- MLK "I have a dream"
134
Malcom X
- no integration; we need seperation
- counter white violence w/ black violence
135
Black Panther
- violent group for civil rights
136
Loving vs Virginia
ended state laws that made interracial marriage illegal
137
Where was MLK assasinated?
Memphis, 1968
138
Ms. Magazine
founded by Glora Steinam, women empowerment
139
Phyllis Schlafely
- led stop ERA campaign
- anti-women's rights
- made ERA fail to be ratified
140
Sexual Revolution
made casual romantic relationships normal, birth control, antibiotics, etc
141
United Farm Workers
- Delores Huerta & Cesar Chavez
- protect interests on migrant farm workers
- boycott of grapes to gain more wages
142
American Indian Movement
- reclaim heritage
- self-determination
- address systemic poverty
143
Alcatraz Island
- abandoned in 1960s
- any abandoned land would be returned back to native inhabitants
144
Stonewall Inn
- raided bc known gay bar
- led to protests & Gay Liberation
145
Young Americans for Freedom
- conservative
- support Vietnam bc it contains Communism
146
Port Huron Statement
- SDS
- stressed participatory democracy & gov action
147
Haight-ashbury district
home of many hippies
148
Three Mile Island
Nuclear disaster in Penny State
