Period 6 (1865 - 1898)

Question 1

Why was the US #1 in 1900?

Answer 1

• Raw Materials & Resources
• Labor & Growing population
• Capital
• Technology
• Laissez-faire gov.
• Successful Entrepreneur system

Question 2

Effects of Railroad Building

Answer 2

• Created ntl market for goods
• Mass production and consumption
• promotes growth in other industries
• Ghost towns & New cities
• Creates time zones
• Profited off cheap immigrant labor (very dangerous)
• took more native land
• Connects seaports
• Encourages Western settlement
• 1st “big” buisness

Question 3

Union Pacific RR (1862)

Answer 3

East in Omaha, NE, to CA

Question 4

Central Pacific RR

Answer 4

• CA to Ogden, UT

Question 5

Promontory Point

Answer 5

• Where the first transcontinental RR was completed
• 1869 in UT

Question 6

Minorities working on RR

Answer 6

• Chinese
• Irish
• African Americans

Question 7

What materials were railroads made of?

Answer 7

Steel & coal

Question 8

4 Major Robber Barons

Answer 8

Andrew Carnagie: Steel
Vanderbilt: RR
Rockefeller: Standard Oil
JP Morgan: US Steel

Question 9

Stock watering (1870s - 80s)

Answer 9

inflating stock value

Question 10

business pools

Answer 10

business deals to manipulate prices

Question 11

Interstate Commerce Acts (1886)

Answer 11

publish rates, no pools, equal pricing. Stabilized business practices. 1st large-scale gov. policy to regulate business in the interest of society.

Question 12

Bessemer Process of Steel (1856)

Answer 12

• Stronger, lighter, less expensive steel
• Brought on “Age of Steel”

Question 13

Vertical integration

Answer 13

• Carnegie
• bought out & controlled all aspects of an industry
• Ex: Mined iron, transported it, refined it, processed it to steel, sold it

Question 14

Horizontal Integration

Answer 14

• Rockefeller
• bought out / allied competitors to monopolize market
• Standard Oil (1870): forced weaker competitors out of business
• Trusts

Question 15

interlocking directorates

Answer 15

• JP Morgan
• break up vulnerable business & consolidate

Question 16

Methods of defeating Unionists

Answer 16

Yellow-dog contracts, surplus of labor, lockouts, blacklists, private guards, court injunctions

Question 17

How were Unions depicted?

Answer 17

Anti-american, socialist, communists

Question 18

National Labor Union (1866)

Answer 18

• 1st try, skilled & unskilled, agricultural & urban. Lost support during depression in 1873 & failures in 1877

Question 19

Knights of Labor (1881)

Answer 19

• Terrance Powerdly
• leader, open to all incl. blacks & women
• wanted to become own boss, end child labor & trusts
• declined after Haymarket violence in Chicago 1886

Question 20

American Federation of Labor (1886)

Answer 20

• strict economic goals
• Samuel Gompers
• higher wages & working conditions
• largest by 1901

Question 21

Methods used by workers to protest

Answer 21

strikes, picketing, boycotting, slowdowns

Question 22

Homestead Strike (1892)

Answer 22

• Carnegie Steel Plant in PA
• workers were protesting, got into conflict with guards and gunfire ensued, killing 16

Question 23

Pullman Strike (1894)

Answer 23

• Widespread RR boycott/strike
• severely disrupted Midwest RR
• Fed. Gov. ordered court injunction to stop them

Question 24

In re Debs (1895)

Answer 24

• SCOTUS rules fed. gov. is allowed to file court orders to stop strikes

Question 25

New Immigration after 1880

Answer 25

• More from Southern & Eastern Europe & Asia
• vastly different religions, customs, skills, wealth

Question 26

2 largest entry points for immigrants

Answer 26

• Angel Island in SanFran
• Ellis Island, NYC

Question 27

The Social Gospel

Answer 27

Linking religion (specifically Protestant) to social worls

Question 28

New city technologies

Answer 28

elevators, radiators, mass transit, electric trolley, skyscrapers

Question 29

Mark Twain

Answer 29

• Coins phrase “Gilded Age” in 1873

Question 30

Hull House

Answer 30

• Jane Addams
• one of many settlement houses
• learn English, find jobs, places to live

Question 31

NAWSA

Answer 31

• National Women’s Suffrage Association
• Elizabeth Cady Stanton
• Susan B. Anthony

Question 32

WCTU (1874)

Answer 32

-Women’s Christian Temperance Union
- Francis Willard & Carrie Nation

Question 33

What term describes the politics of the Gilded Age?

Answer 33

Age of Complacency

Question 34

Describe how elections were

Answer 34

narrow, high voter turnout, massive party loyalty

Question 35

Pendleton Act (1883)

Answer 35

• After Garfield is killed by Guiteau bc Gar promised Guiteau a position if he supported him, this Act was passed
• No $$ from federal employees in exchange for support, etc
• Implemented tests to determine merit of employees
• Civil Service Commission started

Question 36

McKinley Tariff (1890)

Answer 36

• highest tariff ever in peacetime
• 50% on US goods
• no protection for farmers

Question 37

Populist Party

Answer 37

• “People’s Party”
• formed out of Farmer’s Alliance
• response to McKinley Tariff & failed Party leadership
• Omaha Platform

Question 38

Omaha Platform

Answer 38

• Populist
• Anti-elites
• want free silver & inflation to help with debt
• Want graduated income tax on rich
• Support gov. ownership of RR, telegraph, & telephone
• shorter workday
• immigration restriction

Question 39

James B. Weaver

Answer 39

• Populist
• strongest 3rd party candidate showing seen to date
• Nominee for election of 1892

Question 40

Cleveland Depression (1892)

Answer 40

Causes:
- Overbuilding & Overspeculation
- labor disputes
- US credit damaged
Results:
- 8k businesses collapse in 6 months
- Borrows 65m from JP Morgan
- Wilson Gorman Tariff barely lowers McKinley Tariff

Question 41

Wilson Gorman Tariff (1894)

Answer 41

• reduced tariffs on imports
• 2% fed. income tax
• response to Cleveland Depression

Question 42

Plessy vs Ferguson (1896)

Answer 42

Separate but equal is okay