Period 5 (1844 - 1877) Flashcards
Manifest Destiny
God has given US the right to the Western land and to conquer the world
Why did US settlers first settle into TX?
Led by Stephen Austin, they wanted the land. Were allowed to come by Mexican gov., as long as they were Catholic & without slaves. US settlers didn’t like this, started to revolt.
Who led the Texas Independence Revolt?
Sam Houston
Arstook War
- Maine 1842
- Treaty of Paris didn’t define US/Brit borders well between Maine & New Brunswick
- War ended with Webster-Ashburton Treaty
Webster-Ashburton Treaty (1842)
-Settled Arstook War
- Made US/Brit boundary line the Great Lakes
- Open navigation in water
Which president finally manages to annex TX after Sam Houston’s rebellion?
Tyler, because he was worried that Britain would manage to emancipate more slaves in that territory if he didn’t take the land.
What does “Fifty-Four Forty or Fight!” mean?
US should claim all territory up to 54 degree and 40 mins north parallel, or fight Great Britain for the land
Why did the democratic party split in 1844?
Northerners, led by Van Buren, didn’t want to annex TX. Southerners, led by Calhoun, wanted to. Polk, a third party dark horse, ended up winning and Tyler, during his last days of office, annexes TX.
Adams-Onis Treaty (1819)
Spain gives US Florida
Mexican War (1847)
Causes:
- Annexation of TX
- Slidell to Mexico City: Buy CA + NM and settle border dispute
- Attack at Rio Grande Apr 1846
- ended by Treaty of Guadalupe Hildago
What was the first “Foreign War” fought by the US?
Mexican War
Key Players in Mexican War
- Gen. Winfield Scott - captures Mexico City 1847
- Prez James Polk
- Santa Anna - Mexican ruler
Treaty of Guadalupe Hildago (1848)
- Ended Mexican War
- Recognizes Rio Grande as south border of TX
- US pays 15m to Mexico
Wilmot Proviso (1846)
- tried to outlaw slavery in land from Treaty of Guadalupe Hildago
- defeated by Democrats in the Senate
Ostend Manifesto (1852)
Polk & Prez Pierce try to buy / take Cuba from Spain. Angered anti-slavery supporters
Clayton-Bulwer Treaty (1850)
- US & UK will both protect canal building sites in Central America.
Hay Pauncefote Treaty (1901)
- overruled Clayton-Bulwer Treaty
- Gave US rights to build canal across Isthmus of Panama
Gadsden Purchase (1853)
Prez Pierce bought land from Mexico for Southern Transcontinental Railroad for 10m
Free-Soil Party
- started by Van Buren
- opposed slavery in New West
- split democratic party in 1848 Election
CA Gold Rush (1848)
- Gold discovered at Sutter’s Mill
- CA wrote state consitution and applied for admission as free state in 1849. Messed up balance of slave / free states
Compromise of 1850
- CA = free
- UT & NM = popular sovereignty
- DC = no slave trade
- Passage of harsher Fugitive Slave Act
Fugitive Slave Act (1850)
- Northerners have to help catch Southern slaves & let slave hunters come hunt in North
- Slaves have to be returned to owners even if in free state
American Colonization Society (1817)
Wanted to send Free African-Americans back to Africa rather than emancipating them in US. Sent 12k back to Liberia
Denmark Vesey (1822)
former slave tried to start enslaved rebellion in Charleston, SC, on Bastille Day
Nat Turner (1831)
VA slave riot leader, killed 55 white families. Said he was a prophet.
Slave rebellions led to…
harsher laws/codes
Uncle Tom’s Cabin (1851/52)
- influenced by Frederick Douglass
- propaganda
- Harriet Beecher Stowe
- Changed many minds
Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)
Gives Kansas/Nebraska popular sovereignty, so tons of pro-slavery and anti-slavery fled there to sway vote, started many violent events (Bleeding Kansas). Contradicts MO Compromise of 1820.
Charles Sumner vs Preston Brooks Cane Beating (1856)
Charles Sumner gives 2-day speech against slavery that directly calls out Brooks’ uncle, so Brooks beats him heavily with cane. Many southerners idolize him for this, infuriates North.
Dred Scott v Sandford (1857)
Dred Scott about to be sent back into slavery, even though they were now living in free state. SCOTUS ruled that since he wasn’t a citizen with any rights, he can’t be protected by gov. Declared MO Compromise unconstitutional.
Harper’s Ferry Raid (1859)
- John Brown response to Dred Scott
- Tried to initiate slave revolt, stole ammo & arsenal, killed many southerners
- Infuriates South
- Harper’s Ferry, VA
Lincoln’s platform
- non-extension of slavery, not ending it!
- tariff for industry
- National Union Party
- Free land for homesteaders
- Extending West RR
- General rights for West
Crittenden Compromise
- failed
- extend MO Comp line to Pacific
- compensate for fugitive slaves not captured
- Congress can’t prohibit slavery in DC
- Can’t prohibit transportation of slavery
- No more amendments on slavery
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Causes of Civil War
- Election of Lincoln
- Secession of SC
- Firing on Ft. Sumter
- Slavery
- Struggle between N. Industry & S. Agriculture
- Conflict of culture vs Constitutional Beliefs
- States’ Rights
- Ineffective leadership in 1850s
First shots of the Civil War fired at
Fort Sumter
Results of firing at Ft. Sumter
- Unites the North against South
- Lincoln calls for 75k vols for the Union to put down insurrection
- Authorized $$ for war
- suspended writ of habeas corpus
- 4 more states seceded: VA, NC, AR, TN
- CSA moves their capitol to Richmond
The Union pros
- huge population
- Economically diverse: banking & economic HQ, majority of farmlands
- US Navy
- More advanced transport, like RR
The Union cons
- Had to conquer the South
- Longer supply lines
The confederacy pros
- Fight defensively
- shorter supply lines & long varied coast
- Experienced military leaders
- Hope for Euro help
- High morale
The confederacy cons
- issues with states rights vs CSA
- $$ problems led to inflation
- Fewer troops
Anaconda Plan
- w. Scott (Union)
1. Blockade
2. Control the Mississippi
3. Georgia & the Carolinas (border states)
4. Seize Richmond
Confederacy’s Plan
- Fight defensively
- Hold out longer than the Union
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Battle of Antietam (1862)
- 87k Union vs 50k Confed
- bloodiest single day
- Lee hopes a win will get British support
- Union claimed to have won, but it was really a draw
- Lee retreats to VA
Battle of Gettysburg (1863)
- Bloodiest Battle
- Union wins
- Ensured Lee wouldn’t capture DC & South never recovers
Emancipation Proclamation (1863)
- doesn’t free any slaves
- War is now specifically on slavery, so there is no hope for South getting aid from Britain
- Freed slaves can now be soldiers (confiscation act)
Battle of Vicksburg (1863)
- Turning point in the West
- Union now controls most of Mississippi River
- Cuts off TX, AR, LA from Confed in East
Sherman’s March to the Sea (1864)
Union march from Savannah to Atlanta, destroyed everything in its path to cripple CSA war effort
Women’s roles in the war
- Sanitary Commission: provided troops with food, clothes & medical services
- Freedman’s Aid Society: supplies for liberated slaves
- Workforce at homefront
- Some pretended to be men
African American roles in war
- Emancipation Proclamation a turning point for slaves to serve in the war
- Union recruited 20k African Americans
- Black soldiers earned less than whites and died at faster rates
When and Where did Lee (CSA) surrender?
Appomattox Court House, Apr 6 1865
John Wilkes Booth
Assasinated Lincoln on Apr 14, 1865
13th Amendment
Dec. 6, 1865 - Abolished slavery
Black Codes (1865)
Basically took away rights from African Americans. Couldn’t own property, move freely around, vote, etc. Tried to force slaves back into plantation labor
Lincoln’s 10% Plan
if 10% of CSA voting population takes loyalty oath & establishes a new gov., it would be let back into Union
Radical Republican Congressional Plan for Reconstruction
- Punish South & Protect freed slaves
- 50% have to take the loyalty oath
- Divide CSA territory into 5 military states ruled by Union Generals
Johnson’s Plan for Reconstruction
- 10% loyalty oath would grant amnesty to all except CSA military officers & those with property over 20k
- New Southern Constitutions have to accept minimum conditions about slavery
- they had to pay off war debt
- Provisional governers in CSA states
14th Amendment (1868)
African Americans are full citizens with rights
15th Amendment (1870)
African American males have right to vote
Tenure of Office Act (1867)
- Prez can’t remove officals without congressional consent
Why was Johnson impeached?
Kept vetoing anti-slavery bills and violating Tenure of Office Act. Acquitted.
Amnesty Act
restored right to vote to former leaders of CSA
Grandfather Clause
You can’t vote unless your grandfather could have voted
Ways the South kept former slaves from voting
Literacy tests, poll taxes, grandfather clause
Great Compromise of 1877
Hayes was allowed to win the Election of 1876 if Reconstruction ends and military occupation is removed from CSA
Freedman’s Bureau (1865)
- created by Lincoln
- Oversee transition to freedom
- Schools, buisness rules, buying land, etc
- give confiscated land to freed slaves
- Johnson vetoes it
Enforcement Acts (1871)
Prez could use military power to protect African Americans
Hiram Revels
1st African American to be seated in Senate. From Mississippi
Civil Rights Act (1875)
assures “seperate but equal” in public places.
What happened in the Union Pacific Railroad Scandal / Credit Mobilier? (1872)
Credit Mobilier was a fradulent construction company hired by gov. to build RR. It was financed by bad bonds and bribed government officials with stocks & profits.
Whiskey Ring (1874/5)
Members of Grant’s admin & a group of distillers cheated the gov. out of tax revenue
Boss Tweed
- Boss of democratic party machine at Tammany Hall, NY
- Took advantage of immigrants
14th Amendment
Laws cannot take away privileges or rights
First battle of the Civil War
Battle of Manassas / Bull Run - showed strength of both sides & that this will not be a quick win
