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APUSH > Period 3 (1754 - 1800) > Flashcards

Period 3 (1754 - 1800) Flashcards

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AP® U.S. History flashcards
1
Q

Navigation Acts (1650 - 1673)

A

Trade must only be carried out by British merchants, British ships, and in British Harbors

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2
Q

Mercantilism

A

Colonies are made to make Britain more wealthy.

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3
Q

Salutary Neglect

A

British policy of neglecting to enforce parliamentary acts. Ended after 7 Years’ War.

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4
Q

Area fought over in French and Indian War

A

Ohio River Valley

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5
Q

Beginning of the French and Indian War & what forts it began at

A

Britain and France both wanted to Ohio River Valley bc of resources and proximity to native trading. Washington was sent to secure land after Britain got shaky “rights” to it, but didn’t go well. Clashes at French Fort Duquesne + WA’s Fort Necessity.

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6
Q

Proclamation of 1763

A

In order to protect against Indian attacks, colonists can’t pass through the Appalachian Mtns. Expansion would be at Britain’s word, seen as a “check” towards colonial power. Failed.

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7
Q

Sides of the French and Indian War

A

British + Iroqouis vs France + Algonquins

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8
Q

Treaty of Paris (1763)

A

Ended French and Indian War w/ British Victory. Britain got France’s territory (Quebec + OH) French ceded Louisiana and New Orleans to France

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9
Q

Impact of French + Indian War on Colonists

A

Outrage that Britain didn’t recognize how much they helped, felt united as a people, British thought they didn’t care enough, heavy war debt led to taxation, formation of colonial militias.
After the war, the Iroqouis lost a lost of land. Colonists saw Redcoats as weak. Colonists adopted Indian guerilla tactics, were paid less and promoting less than Redcoats.

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10
Q

Sugar Act (1764) (what kind of trade is it limiting?)

A

Designed to limit illegal trade between colonists and French/Spanish West Indies. Strengthed enforcement on sugar while lowering duties on molasses, damaging sugar grown in colonies, established courts in US to try smugglers

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11
Q

Currency Act (1765)

A

Required colonists to stop printing their own paper money

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12
Q

Stamp Act (1765)

A

Merchants, lawyers, pretty much everyone required to buy stamps for paper and legal docs. Colonists upset about the principle of it being an outright method to raise money at their expense.

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13
Q

Who called for either repeal of the Stamp Act tax or a mutiny?

A

Patrick Henry from the House of Burgesses

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14
Q

Colonial Responses to Acts (where was the tension?)

A
  • resented them
  • tensions grew between established societies of Atlantic coast and backcountry
  • Paxton Boys
  • Regulator Movement
  • Sons for Liberty
  • Boston Tea Party
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15
Q

Paxton Boys

A

descended on Philly with demands for tax relief ; threatened bloodshed

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16
Q

Regulator Movement

A

NC; farmers of Carolina upcountry who were opposed to higher taxes.

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17
Q

Sons of Liberty

A
  • formed 1765 in Boston
  • terrorist organization of colonists who attacked stamp agents + destroyed the lieutenant gov.’s home
  • Behind Boston Tea Party
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18
Q

Townshend Acts

A
  • established by Charles Townshend (British Treasury Secretary)
  • included Quartering Act of 1765 + Townshend Duties
  • Same effect as direct taxes
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19
Q

Quartering Act of 1765

A

Required colonists to house and feed British soldiers

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20
Q

Townshend Duties

A

Taxes on imports from Britain

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21
Q

Response to the Townshend Act / Duties

A
  • MA Assembly circulates letter of opposition by Samuel Adams and James Otis (1767)
  • Boycotts against British goods taxed
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22
Q

Boston Massacre

A

Quarrel between colonists and soldiers quickly escalates, soldiers killed 5, graphic symbolism of British oppression and brutality

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23
Q

Committees of Correspondence (1772)

A
  • propaganda campaign
  • proposed by Samuel Adams
  • publicized British grievances
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24
Q

What European / Global movement greatly influenced the Revolution?

A

The Enlightenment

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25
Q

Colonial argument about taxation w/o representation

A

Parliament can legislate England as a whole, but colonial assemblies should legislate for individual colonies

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26
Q

English argument about taxation w/o representation

A

In any system of gov, there must be an ultimate authority. Since colonies are technically British, they must be regulated by British Parliament

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27
Q

Tea Act (1773)

A

British East India on edge of bankruptcy, so Britain gives them special tax privileges + a monopoly in US that harmed the American companies
- boycotts led by colonial women
- linked US companies together thru shared grievances

28
Q

Daughters of Liberty

A
  • Led by Mercy Otis Warren
  • Anti-British Riots
  • Spread pamphlets and literature against British
29
Q

Boston Tea Party

A
  • Dec 16, 1773
  • 3 groups of 50 men each dressed as Mohawk Indians threw tea chests into harbor
  • British demanded repayment, but colonists refused
30
Q

Intolerable / Coercive Acts (1774)

A
  • response to Boston Tea Party
  • Closed port of Boston
  • Reduced their self-gov.
  • Accused had to be tried in England
  • Must quarter troops
  • Made Massachusetts inhabitants seem like martyrs for the American cause
  • Sparked new resistance throughout colonies
31
Q

First Continental Congress (1774)

A

Convened reps from all colonies in except GA to discuss the current situation with Britain. Met in Philly. Declared economic war w/ Britain. 4 major decisions:
- rejected plan for colonial union under British authority
- Endorsed statement of grievances from colonies to Britain
- Colonists should make military preparations against British attacks
- Non-importation, non-consumption, non-exportation to British

32
Q

Albany Congress / Plan of Union (1754)

A
  • create intercolonial body with reps from all 13 colonies to regulate Indian affairs and trade
  • Ben Franklin drew Join Or Die to encourage colonies to join

Albany Plan ultimately failed, but is significant because:
- 1st time colonies got together to talk about common issues
- Failure to pass shows how disjointed they still are

33
Q

Where did most of the fighting of the French and Indian War take place?

A

Great Lakes and Canada

34
Q

British strengths in Rev. War

A
  • larger population
  • Money
  • Slaves + Natives joined GB
  • Most powerful Navy
  • 48k army
  • 50k loyalists in US
  • Hessians
35
Q

British weaknesses in Rev. War

A
  • overcome enormous distances
  • America large and unknown
  • Fighting at home in Ireland and France
  • Liberal Whigs in Britain wanted US to win
36
Q

American strengths in Rev. War

A

-Outstanding leadership
- $ and military aid from France
- Defensive War
- Agriculturally self-sustaining
- knows territory
- better marksmen
- Moral advantage

37
Q

American weakness in Rev. War

A
  • Badly organized
  • 18k poorly trained troops
  • No $$$
  • Low morale in Rev. Army
  • Greed among profiteers
38
Q

Why did Washington cross the Frozen Delaware River

A

For a sneak Christmas attack on British. OG Savage.

39
Q

Battle of Saratoga (1777)

A

Won by US, revivied colonial cause and resulted in Treaty of Alliance with France

40
Q

Treaty of Paris (1783)

A
  • US delegates (John Jay, John Adams, Ben Franklin) signed without French input
  • Gave US Independence
  • Extended US boundaries to Mississippi River and Great Lakes
  • Brits kept Canada
  • New states have to pay debt to Britain
  • US promises to leave Loyalists alone
41
Q

Republican Motherhood

A

Mothers have a duty to teach US rebellious principles to kids

42
Q

Where was the Declaration of Independence written?

A

1774 Continental Congress

43
Q

Articles of Confederation

A
  • Created at 2nd CC
  • Most people’s loyalty to their own state
  • Central Gov has super limited power
    Congress has:
  • power to declare war
  • Sign treaties with other nations
  • Representations from each state
  • Equal vote for each state
  • 9 needed to pass items/bills
44
Q

Problems with Articles of Confederation

A
  • Congress couldn’t levy taxes
  • Needed more than 3/4 of delegates to pass
  • Can’t regulate trade between states
  • No executive with power
  • Can’t draft troops
45
Q

Land Ordinance of 1785

A
  • Raise $ for fed gov
  • Settle land orderly and fairly
  • T. Jefferson
  • After pop reached 60k, can be admitted as a state
46
Q

NW Ordinance of 1787

A
  • Laid basis for gov in new territories and plan to become states at 60k
  • Forbid slavery in Old Northwest
  • Ohio = 1st new state
47
Q

Shay’s rebellion

A
  • Rebellion of poor farmers (led by Daniel Shays) who wanted banks to stop foreclosing their farms
  • Attack courts, stole ammo, broke debtors out of prison
  • Rebellion crushed but showed strong central gov. was needed for tax collections and military
  • showed weakness of Articles of Confederation
48
Q

Constitutional Convention (1787)

A
  • ## 1st organized to rewrite Articles of Confederation, but ended up writing Constitutional
49
Q

Great Compromise

A
  • Molded together the Virginia Plan and New Jersey Plan
  • Bicameral Congress
  • House of Representatives - each state repped based on population (statisfied VA Plan)
  • Senate - each state had 2 reps (Satisfied NJ Plan)
50
Q

3/5 Compromise

A

3/5 of slaves counted as population + taxes

51
Q

Federalists

A
  • favor strong central gov.
  • James Madison, Hamilton, John Jay, G. Washington)
52
Q

Antifederalists

A
  • oppose Const.
  • weak gov. and bill of rights
  • Patrick Henry, Richard Henry Lee, Thomas Jefferson
53
Q

Bill of Rights

A
  • Safeguard fundamental rights
  • Approved 1791
  • Made for AntiFed support on Constitution
  • Written by James Madison
54
Q

Importance of G. Washington’s cabinet

A
  • Had to help him figure out how to run a new country
  • Sec of State: T. Jefferson
  • Sec of Treasury: A. Hamilton
  • Sec of War: Henry Knox
55
Q

Judiciary Act 1789

A

Supreme Court has final say, John Jay first Chief Justice

56
Q

Hamilton’s Plan

A
  • Pay off national debt at face value, Federal Gov. assumes war debt of each state
  • Impose high tariffs and excise taxes on items like whiskey
  • Create Ntl Bank: safe place for taxes, banks, distribute gov. expenses
  • Favored wealthier groups like merchants
  • Eventually passed, but had to add clauses that the Ntl Capitol would be in South, along Potomac River. Excise tax passed, but no tariff.
57
Q

Challenges to Hamilton’s Plan

A
  • National Bank unconstitutional (strict view of constitution)
  • Antifeds said it was at the expense of farmers
58
Q

Washington’s Proclamation of Neutrality (1793)

A

Best for business if we trade with everybody. Didn’t want to get involved in French Rev.

59
Q

Citizen Genet

A

French ambassador who tried to rally US publc to help French Rev.

60
Q

John Jay’s Treaty (1794)

A

British had to stop impressing US sailors and trying to cause agitation in Western frontier.

61
Q

Pickney’s Treaty (1795)

A

Spain opened New Orleans + lower Mississippi to trade

62
Q

XYZ Affair

A

French impressing US merchant ships, so US tries to send the ambassador to France to negotiate. France asked for a ton of money to even see the France ambassador, so Adams very angry and called it off

63
Q

Alien + Sedition Acts

A

All created bc Federalists were worried foreigners would start voting them out of office
- Naturalization Act - increased qualifying for US citizenship and right to vote from 5 yrs to 14 yrs
- Aliens could be deported at times of war
- Sedition Act - illegal to write against gov.
Led to KY + VA Acts

64
Q

KY+VA Resolutions

A

nullify legislation of Fed. Congress within the state legislatures

65
Q

Marbury v Madison

A
  • Marshall
  • established judicial review
66
Q

Gibbons v Ogden

A
  • federal controls interstate commerce, not states

APUSH (6 decks)

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