Period 5 (1844–1877) Flashcards
1
Q
Module 5.4
Why was Lincoln hesitant to make the Emancipation Proclamation?
Ian Marin
A
Because he was afraid that doing so would send the border states, who had slavery, into joining the Confederate cause.
2
Q
Module 5.6
Why did women fighting for suffrage split into two groups?
Ian Marin
A
Because figures like Elizabeth Cady Stanton were upset that black men were given the right to vote with the 15th amendment, so they started opposing black rights. This led to the formation of the National Woman Suffrage Association, which opposed the 15th amendment, and the American Woman Suffrage Association, which supported it.
3
Q
Module 5.8
Why did northerners lose interest in protecting black rights?
Ian Marin
A
Because they believed they had done more than enough and didn’t want completely equal rights for all. Things such as the Panic of 1873 shifted their focus to the economy.
4
Q
module 5-1
Who was James Polk?
Wyatt Bryniarski
A
He was the president signed in office on 1844 and he annexed Texas.
He also innitiated the start of the Mexican-American war.
5
Q
5.6
What was the name of the system which was basically virtual slavery and what did it do?
Phillip Skarbek
A
Sharecropping, dominant mode of agricultural production in the South in which many poor black people worked a landowners farm in exchange for a small portion of the harvest (bad conditions/treatment).
6
Q
5-2
What was the free soil party?
Wyatt Bryniarski
A
Free soilers believed that newly gained land west of the US should be “free soil” for any plantations and farmers without the addition of slavery.
7
Q
5-3
What was Popular Sovereignty?
Wyatt Bryniarski
A
It was the belief that each terrritory should deside the slavery question for themselves.
8
Q
Why did Southern states secede?
Noelle Peralta
A
Southern states like South Carolina seceded from the country in order to protect their desire to keep the institution of slavery.
9
Q
Why did Reconstruction efforts fail?
Noelle Peralta
A
While the North proposed many ways to control the South, with virtual slavery like sharecropping, the rise of white supremacist groups like the K.K.K., and the Compromise of 1877, the Reconstruction era came to an end.
10
Q
What is the significance of the Dred Scott case of 1857?
Noelle Peralta
A
The Dred Scott case declared that enslaved persons had no rights, and were therefore not citizens; as well, it recalled the Missouri Compromise.
11
Q
5.6
What was one act/event that further limited the rights of black people during Reconstruction, and what did it do?
Phillip Skarbek
A
The US vs. Cruikshank court case narrowed the 14th amendment so that black people were protected publically, but not privately (KKK)
Revoking Civil Rights Act of 1875 which origionally gave black people full and equal treatment.
12
Q
What was the battle of Antietam
Rio Chavez
A
The bloodiest day in US military history which gave Abraham Lincoln his first major victory in the civil war before announcing the emancipation proclamation.
13
Q
What was Bleeding Kansas
Rio Chavez
A
A period of violence in the mid 1850s over conflicts and division about slavery within Kansas
14
Q
5-7
What was the system where a farmer (usually freedmen and poor whites) were lent tools and supplies in exchange for a percentage of their eventual harvest?
Jadon
A
Sharecropping
15
Q
5-7
Who were the KKK?
Jadon
A
They were a group that was created to terrorize black folks and people who voted republican. ( domestic terrorists )
16
Q
5-7
What did the Force Acts do?
Jadon
A
They gave the president power to send officials to oversee elections and voting in the south.
17
Q
What is Nativism?
Ethan Xia
A
Anti-immigrant beliefs and practices due to a belief in protecting the interests of native-born citizens first.
18
Q
What was the significance of Fort Sumter?
Ethan Xia
A
The Civil War was started because the Confederacy attacked Union troops there.
19
Q
What was the Fugitive Slave Act, and why was it controversial?
Ethan Xia
A
The Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 required all citizens of the US to aid in the capture of escaped enslaved persons. This caused controversy because Northerns thought the government had gone too far in protecting pro-slavery interests, and they didn’t want to support this act.
20
Q
Module 5-1
What were fourty-niners seeking and what event are they tied to?
Alexis Limary
A
Fourty-Niners are people, who in the California Gold Rush, competed and raced for riches in California after the discovery of gold in 1848.
20
Q
Module 5-8
Why was the compromise of 1877 significant and who was it between?
Alexis Limary
A
- Compromise between southern democrats and republicans
- Led to the presidential election of Rutherford B. Hayes
- In exchange for the southern democarats support of his Presidency, Hayes had to appoint a southerner to his cabinet, endorse construction of a railroad through the South, and withdraw federal troops from the South.
20
Q
Module 5-2
What did northerners view as “a dirty plot” to gain more slave territory pre-civil war?
Alexis Limary
A
The Ostened Manifesto
-Letter from U.S. ambassadors and the secretary of state to President Franklin Pierce urging him to conquer Cuba
-Northerners forced Pierce to give up plans to conquer Cuba
20
Q
What was the Significance of the Ostend Manifesto (1854)?
Rosa D
A
The Ostend Manifesto was a letter from William Marcy to President Pierce in which Marcy told pierce to expand into and invade Cuba with expeditions known as filibusters. It was seen in the north as a dirty plot to gain more slave territory, and therefore increased sectionalist divides in the US and abolitionist sentiment in the north.
20
Q
What form of media was very influential in spreading abolitionist ides in the north?
Rosa D
A
Literature such as Uncle Tom’s Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, and newspapers like The North Star and The Liberator spread abolition around the north as these books and newspapers are widely produced and sold.
20
# Modules 5-1 and 5-2
What was the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo? How did it affect sectional tensions?
## Footnote
William Landahl
1. After the United States won the Mexican-American War, the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo was signed, officially ceding much of the modern American Southwest (including regions such as California and the New Mexico Territory) to the United States in exchange for a payment of 15 million dollars to Mexico.
2. The acquisition of new western territory intensified sectional tensions by intensifying debates over slavery. Pro-slavery Southerners wanted to expand slavery to new western territories to expand their power and the very institution of slavery. By contrast, Northerners largely wanted to keep slavery out of the American West to preserve *their* power and to maintain the West as a haven for white farmers to establish small farms. Thus, predominately Southern pro-slavery and predominately Northern anti-slavery politicians clashed over the expansion of slavery, inflaming sectional tensions.
21
# Module 5-3
How did the election of Abraham Lincoln affect sectional tensions in the United States?
## Footnote
William Landahl
Abraham Lincoln's election in 1860 ultimately inflamed sectional tensions over slavery to the point of all-out civil war. Lincoln's election was seen as "unacceptable" to pro-slavery Southerners, who viewed the election of a president hostile to the expansion of slavery as a disgrace. Southerners were paricularly furious that Lincoln did not win a single electoral vote in the South and yet still won the presidency. Their outrage over Lincoln's election ultimately inflamed sectional tensions over slavery enough to lead much of the pro-slavery South to secede and form the Confederate States of America.
22
# Module 5-6
What was the Freedmen's Bureau? How did it affect the lives of African-Americans in the South?
## Footnote
William Landahl
The Freedmen's Bureau was an institution established at the tail end of the Civil War meant to aid newly emancipated African-Americans in their new lives. It changed the lives of newly freed African-Americans by providing them with educational and economic opportunities that were not previously avaliable to them. For example, the Freedman's Bureau established a network of schools to teach emancipated African-Americans to read and write (teaching literacy was almost always forbidden by slaveowners). The Freedmen's Bureau also distributed large swaths of land among freedmen, providing them with the chance to establish their own livelihoods on their own land.
23
# Module 5-3
What was the Kansas-Nebraska Act?
## Footnote
Claire Lim
An 1854 act that created the Kansas and Nebraska territories out of American Indian land. The act let popular sovereignty of each state decide the issue of slavery.
24
# Module 5-3
What was one major effect of the Kansas-Nebraska Act?
## Footnote
Claire Lim
"Bleeding Kansas"
25
# Module 5-5
What was the significance of the Battle of Gettysburg?
## Footnote
Claire Lim
It was the turning point for the Union because it forced Confederate soldiers to begin a slow retreat for supplies.
26
# Module 5-6
Which amendment provided citizenship rights for preciously enslaved people?
## Footnote
Ben Volk
The Fourteenth Amendment
27
# Module 5-7
Which group of people were known as exodusters?
## Footnote
Ben Volk
African Americans who migrated north to Kansas after the Civil War
28
# Mod 5-8
Why did Democrats change to support Hayes in the Election of 1876?
## Footnote
Monica Dominguez
They supported Hayes under the conditions that a southern Democrat would be appointed to the cabinet, that troops would be withdrawn from the South, and that a transcontinental railroad would go through the South. This was called the Compromise of 1877.
29
# Module 5-2
What was the Underground Railroad?
## Footnote
Lane Buchanan
It was a series of routes from Southern plantation areas to free Northern States
30
# Mod 5-2
What did abolitionists do in response to the Fugitive Slave Acts of 1850?
## Footnote
Monica Dominguez
The Fugitive Slave Act angered many because it took away legal rights from enslaved people and forced individuals to return runaways. Many abolitionists aided the efforts of the underground railroad, bought the freedom of slaves, and protested against the acts. Abolitionists hid fugitives and used the law to fight bills.
31
# Module 5-3
Who was the president of the Confederate States of America?
## Footnote
Lane Buchanan
Jefferson Davis was elected president of the Confederate States of America
32
# 5-7
What did the government do in response to terrorist groups like the KKK?
## Footnote
Monica Dominguez
Congress passed the Force Acts which allowed the president to assign officials to prevent voting interference, to prevent secret organizations from violating equal legal protection, and a committee investigated the KKK and took many members to trial (only 600/3,000 prosecuted were convicted)
33
5-7
Who were the Knights of the Ku Klux Klan and why were they an issue?
Led by General Nathan Bedford Forrest they were a group that would anonymously terrorize African Americans. They were an issue because of how many they terrorized.
34
# M5-3
What occurred during the Pottawatomie Massacre?
## Footnote
Jessica Zhao
5 proslavery Southerners kidnapped and killed by John Brown and 2 of his friends along the Pottawatomie Creek
(part of Bleeding Kansas)
35
# M5-4
How did women contribute to the Civil War?
## Footnote
Jessica Zhao
- military nurses
- gather information for leaders
- couriers, carrying messages
- disguise as men to fight as soldiers
- established US Sanitary Commission
- volunteer funds
36
# M5-5
What is the concept of "total war"?
## Footnote
Jessica Zhao
- war strategy
- soldiers not only attack military targets, BUT ALSO destroy crops and property
- used to undermine Confederate morale and supply chains
37
# 5-8
What was the Compromise of 1877?
## Footnote
Marcelo Tohen
The Compromise of 1877 let Hayes become president if the South was given construction of transcontinental railroad. And all Union soldiers were brought out of the South. The second of which meant less to stop rebel groups like the KKK who were using violence against reconstruction, along with United States v. Cruikshank case that limited protection for African Americans.
38
# 5-3
Who was John Brown? what was he known for?
## Footnote
Marcelo Tohen
John Brown was abolitionist who believed in ended slavery by taking action. In 1859 he led a rebellion at Harpers Ferry Virginia in an effort to try and get all enslaved people to rebel. His action got the attention of many other abolitionists who saw him as a hero, ultimately he sparked more anger of slavery and inpired protests and marches from abolitionists.
39
# 5-5
Why was the battle of Gettysburg important for the Union
## Footnote
Marcelo Tohen
It was one of the first major victories of the Union, it was also the battle that ultimately protect Washington D.C. from being taken by the Confederacy. If the Confederacy had won it would've been likely that European Nations to start supporting them giving them a big advantage where they probably would've won. It also resulted in Lincoln giving the Gettysburg Adress where he expressed his opnion over slavery, making the war more over slavery.
40
What did the Dred Scott ruling (1857) directly contradict?
## Footnote
Leo Griscom
The Missouri Compromise (1820)
41
Other than African Americans, what groups of people did the Ku Klux Klan oppress?
## Footnote
Leo Griscom
Jewish people and civil rights workers.
42
How did President Johnson earn the hatred of the Radical Republicans?
## Footnote
Leo Griscom
He vetoed several of their civil rights bills/acts.
43
# 5-8
What was the Compromise of 1876?
## Footnote
Blaise S
It was a deal between president elect Rutherford B. Hayes and Southern Democrats that stated they would support his election when:
-he ended Reconstruction
-withdrew Union troops from South
-had a Dem. in his Cabinet
-built transcontinental railroad through South
44
# 5-6
What were the Military Reconstruction Acts?
## Footnote
Blaise S
They were Acts dividing southern states into districts and required them to grant black male suffrage to reenter the Union.
45
# 5-1
What was the Liberty Party?
## Footnote
Blaise S
An anti-slavery political party that formed in 1840.
46
# 5-3
What was the significance of the Kansas-Nebraska Act?
## Footnote
Carlos G
The Kansas Nebraska Act, suggested in 1854 by Stephen Douglass, largely increased sectional tensions. It designated two new territories, Kansas and Nebraska. The key takeaway, was that these terrritories were to decide the status of slavery by popular sovreignity, effectively nullyfing the Missouri compromise. This led to Northerners highlighting the growing "slave power" that the South held over the federal government.
47
# 5-4
What were the conditions of both the Union and Confederacy at the beginning of the Civil war?
## Footnote
Carlos G
The North led the South in population, manufacturing, infracstructure, industralization and even agriculture. The war seemed in the favor of the North based on these statistics. Yet the South led the North in military as they focused on recruitment earlier, had seasoned war veterans and were fighting on their home turf. This advantage in military proved instrumental in early Southern victories.
48
# 5-5
What immediate events led to the South's eventual defeat in the Civil War?
## Footnote
Carlos G
The Battle of Gettysburg and the Siege of Vicksburg both in 1863 marked the beginning of the end for the Confederacy. The Battle of Gettysburg, decimated the South's miltary, depriving the South of greatly needed forces. Additionally, the Battle of Gettysburg paved the way for the Gettysburg Address which contirbuted to redefining the war as a struggle for freedom
49
# 5-1
What was the Oregon Trail?
## Footnote
Grace W.B.
- route west from Missouri River to Oregon Territory
- many began journey on the Oregon Trail at St. Louis
- traveled mainly by wagon
- many had traveled the Oregon Trail by the 1860s
50
# 5-5
What is total war and when were these tactics employed?
## Footnote
Grace W.B.
- total war: when forces destroy civilian crops, livestock, fields, and property to undermine the enemy
- total war tactics were employed by General William Tecumseh Sherman in Sherman's March to the Sea in 1864
51
# 5-7
Who are scalawags?
## Footnote
Grace W.B.
- scalawag: a derogatory term for white southerners who supported reconstruction
- this term was used by white supporters of the Democratic Party
52
# 5-2
What did the Compromise of 1850 address?
## Footnote
duanduan
The compromise of 1850 was passed to address the debates over the expansion of slavery in new states.
53
# 5-4
What advantages did the North have over the South in the Civil War?
## Footnote
duanduan
More people
Higher manufacturing and agricultural rates
Railroad track
More ships to block Southern ports
54
# 5-2
Why was the Wilmot Proviso important?
## Footnote
Edward S.
It further implied a sectional divide of views on slavery and was an early example of something that increased tension between the North and South pre-Civil War
55
What organizatioon did General Nathan Forrest found in 1865?
He formed the Ku Klux Klan to enforce prewar racial standards of southern African Americans rights and lives.
56
# 5-1
What did the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo accomplish?
## Footnote
Caden
The treaty officially ended the Mexican-American War. It gave the US Texas and the land east of the Rio Grande including the New Mexico territory.
57
# 5-4
What battle allowed for Lincoln to release the Emancipation Proclamation?
## Footnote
Caden
The Battle of Antietam
58
# 5-5
What did the 13th Amendment do for the enslaved African American population?
## Footnote
Caden
The 13th Amendment officially abolished slavery.
59
# module 5.4
What was the term used to describe northerner democrats who did not support the union war effort?
## Footnote
Corinne
Copperheads
60
# module 5.6
which amendment overturned the dread scott decision?
## Footnote
Corinne
14th amendment
61
# Mod 5-8
What signified the end of Reconstruction?
## Footnote
Grace W
The Compromise of 1877
62
# Mod 5-1
How were women treated during the gold rush?
## Footnote
Grace W
Because the death rates were so high on the journey to California women took on more unconventional roles and faced exploitation.
63
# Mod 5-2
What were the differences between the Free-Soil Party and the Liberty Party?
## Footnote
Grace W
While both political parties opposed slavery, the Free Soil party focused on simply not having slavery in new territories while the Liberty Party focused more on the moral wrongs.
64
# 5.4-5
What are the differences between the speeches given after the Battles of Antietam and Gettysburg?
## Footnote
Shadow Leger
The Emancipation Proclamation 'legally' freed enslaved people in rebelling states while the Gettysburg Address changed the cause of war to the abolishment of slavery, increasing public support.
65
# 5.7
Why did the United States split the South into military districts with the Military Reconstruction Acts?
## Footnote
Shadow Leger
To protect Black male's suffrage and other civil rights.
66
# Mod 5.3
What did the election of James K Polk lead to and how did it affect america?
## Footnote
Valerie M.
James k polk also known as the expansionist strongly believed in expanding new territory and ran his political career off of westward expansion. He wanted to purchase california and was denied by mexico which started the mexican american war.
67
# Mod 5.1
What did early expansion lead to? Especially gaining the land in the Mexican American war?
| Valerie M.
Strong sectional divide between the north and south leading to debates over slavery and how it would expand into new areas bringing ideas of popular sovereignty as well as government policies such as the Missouri Compromise and the Compromise of 1850 into play.
68
# Module 5.2
Why did Lincoln's election enrage southeners?
## Footnote
Liliana Varley
With an additional free-state, the north had more representation in government, therefore elevating southern fears of total abolition. Additionally, Lincoln became president without a single southern states support/approval.
69
# Module 5.3
What was Lincoln's ultimate goal when he issued the Emancipation Proclamation?
## Footnote
Liliana Varley
Northern states decided to make complete abolition a goal of the civil war in hopes of gaining European support. Additionally, by painting the south in a negative light, they hope to discourage countries such as Britian from reconizing the Confederacy as its own seperate entity.
70
# 5-1
How did the rise in popularity of "Manifest Destiny" reflect a society which favored white supremecy? How were these ideas used to continue to restrict the rights of racial minorities?
## Footnote
Liliana Varley
1. "Manifest Destiny" was built around the idea white culture was needed to civilize barbaric and uncivilized natives who resided farther westward.
2. These ideas of white superiority would set the foundation of discrimination of minorites. Plantation owners arguing that slavery was good for both the slaveowner, a paternial household figure, and a childish simple slave who required his master's support. Native Americans are continued to be moved off of their land, white Americans in need of space and resources.
71
# 5-7
Who were the redeemers?
## Footnote
Zoe Munson
White conservative democrats who challenged and eventually overthrew Republican rule in the South during Reconstruction
72
# 5-6
What were the black codes, as they existed during the Reconstruction era?
## Footnote
Zoe Munson
Racial laws that were passed in the South in the aftermath of the Civil War. They kept freepeople in a condition as close as possible to slavery.
73
# 5-3
What were the Lincoln-Douglas debates?
## Footnote
Zoe Munson
A series of debates between Abraham Lincoln and Stephen Douglas during the Illinois senate race of 1859 that focused mostly on the expansion of slavery
74
# 5-6
Why was Andrew Johnson opposed to slavery?
## Footnote
Maaz Aamer
Johnson was opposed to slavery because of the power and wealth that it granted to plantation owners, not because of the moral injustices of slavery.
75
# 5-5,5-6
What did the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments do?
## Footnote
Maaz Aamer
13th - abolished slavery
14th - granted citizenship to African American men
15th - granted African American men suffrage
76
# 5-3
What was the spark that caused the civil war?
## Footnote
Maaz Aamer
Lincoln's election in 1860. Lincoln did not win any Southern electoral votes, but he was able to win every Northern electoral vote.
77
What did California and New Mexico coming into the Union freely cause?
(pre-Civil War)
| Jaycee Sanchez
-South threaten secession
-because Senate now had majority free states, which the South saw as unfair and possibly the end of pro-slavery laws
-Also led to the Compromise of 1850
78
What was the Gadsden Purchase?
| Jaycee Sanchez
An agreement between the US and Mexico for more parts of New Mexico and Arizona. (1854)
79
Define these terms:
Scalawag
Carpetbagger
Redeemer
Exoduster
| Jaycee Sanchez
Scalawag: South supporters of Reconstruction
Carpetbagger: People from the North who moved to the South to support Reconstruction
Redeemer: People who still want to redeem the Confederacy/support it
Exoduster: African Americans who moved to Kansas for economic opportunities
80
Which supreme court justice was a big part of the dred - scott case
Riley Stanford
Roger Taney
81
What caused the Panic of 1857, who did it hurt?
Railroad issues, gold found causing inflation.
It hurt northerners and caused them to shift their focus away from protecting rights of newly freed persons in the South
Amelia Bosch
82
What did Stephen Douglas do?
Ran for president against Lincoln, along with the LD debates, wrote up Kansas-Nebraska acts.
Amelia B
83
What occurred during the Battle of Little Bighorn (1876)?
* Fought between US Arm led by General Custer and Sioux/Cheyenne Indians during the Sioux Wars
* result of continued encroachment by the US onto American Indian Lands
* Many US soldiers (including Custer) died —— "Custer's Last Stand"
84
What is Ulysses S. Grant known for?
* Military General for the Union Army during the Civil War
* Eventual president of the US States (elected after Andrew Johnson with support of the Radical Republicans —— The Compromise of 1877 and election of Hayes was after)
* His presidential administration was highly known for scandals and corruption
85
What is Andrew Johnson known for?
* President of the United States after Lincoln's assassination in 1865 (had been his VP)
* was opposed to the Radical Republicans
* vetoed the Civil Rights Act of 1866 (but Congress overrode it)
* Didn't like the honor/status of the Old South but was much less sympathetic to the Union/North than Lincoln
86
Who were the Radical Republicans?
* a part of the Republican party that were largely in power in Congress during the Civil War and Reconstruction
* Thaddeus Stevens was a notable member
* pushed Lincoln towards full emancipation during the war
* wanted the South to be dealt with more harshly following the war
87
What happened during the Sand Creek Massacre (1864)?
* US army slaughtered over 200 Cheyenne and Arapaho Indians who had surrendered during part of the American Indian Wars of the mid to late 1860s
* shows continued conflict of land rights between the federal govt (esp during Manifest Destiny) and American Indians
88
What were the key component's of Lincoln's "10-Percent Plan" after the end of the Civil War?
* plan was intended to quickly allow re-entry of former confederate states back into the Union
* Lincoln would grant amnesty to most former Confederate soldiers and require the states to accept abolition of slavery
* Once 10 percent of eligible voters swore an oath of allegience to the US, a state govt could be formed again
* Congress (Rad Republicans) felt this was too lenient and responded with the Wade Davis Bill (requiring much higher barriers for readmission— 50% loyalty)
89
What did the Homestead Act (1862) do?
* provided national economic aid to help settle the West
* granted 160 acres of land to any one willing to farm / settle it for at least 5 years
90
What was the Anaconda Plan put forth by the Union, and why was this strategic for the North?
* called for a naval blockade to shut out European supplies/exports
* The South relied upon these shipments, so this effectively cut them off
91
How did many Northerners respond to conscription into the military during the Civil War?
* led to the New York City Draft Riots of 1863
92
Which state was the leading proponent of secession from the Union in the lead-up to the Civil War?
South Carolina
93
Who was Harriet Beecher Stowe?
* author of *Uncle Tom's Cabin (1851)*
* a harsh critic of slavery/an abolitionist reform thinker
* worked alongside the Grimke sisters and Elizabeth Cady Stanton to pursue other reform and women's rights movements
94
What was the major platform of the Know-Nothing party?
* Also known as the American Party, the Know-Nothings advocated nativism
* intensely anti-immigrant and anti-Catholic (largely b/c of Irish immigrants)
* was largely active during the mid 1850s
95
Who were the main participants at the Seneca Falls Convention (1848) and what were its outcomes?
* women who felt excluded from other abolitionist conventions
* major leaders were Lucretia Mott, Elizabeth Cady Stanton
* considered birth of the women's rights movement
* issues the Declaration of Sentiments modeled after the Dec of Independent ("all men and women are created equal")
96
When was the Mexican American War? Why did this war happen?
1846-1848. It happened because of land disputes about the boundary between the US and texas (US or Mexican territory?) James K Polk started the war
97
When was the Gettysburg Address? When was the Emancipation Proclamation?
Both 1863
98
When was trans-continental railroad completed?
1869
