Period 1 (1492–1607) Flashcards
Module 1-1
Who were the native people who adapted to the arid environment of present day New Mexico and Arizona, by using adobe dwellings as homes?
Corinne Dracup
Pueblo
Module 1-1
What major food source was responsible for transforming early American Indian societies into more complex and distinct societies?
Ms. Matton
maize
Module 1-2
Which European power was responsible for most of the innovation in maritime tech that allowed for expanded oceanic exploration in the 1500s?
Ms. Matton
Portugal (under Prince Henry the Navigator)
Module 1-1
Which American Indian society was known for their use of chinampas, or artificial islands built into swampy/lake areas for agricultural cultivation?
Ms. Matton
The Aztecs (the Mexica)
The Aztecs adapted to the swamps and lakes surrounding their capital, Tenochtitlan by using chinampas, which were essentially frames built in water that were then filled with soil, creating fertile and well irrigated farmlands
Mod 1-4
What was the Encomienda system?
Under the Encomienda System, the Spanish government provided grants of land and Indians to individual Spaniards who were supposed to care for the Indians and convert them to Catholicism.
The system resulted in virtual slavery for Native Americans, most of whom died from diseases and being overworked.
Module 1-2
Who was Henry the Navigator and what was his importance?
Ian Marin
Henry the Navigator was a Portuguese prince who loved to explore, and he helped advance exploration for the Europeans through caravels and astrolabes: this eventually led to faster ways to get to the New World.
Who was Bartolomé de las Casas?
Jaycee Sanchez
- spanish encomendero who was
- known for fighting against the encomienda system (esp. in the debates against Juan de Sepulveda)
- was very religious and believed native americans deserved better treatment
What was the Spanish Casta System?
Phillip Skarbeck-Borowski
A system developed by the Spanish that defines a persons status based on racial hierarchy that privileged Europeans. (also determining amt of taxes one had to pay)
Module 1-2
Why did Europeans look to the Atlantic for alternate routes to trade with the Middle East?
Noelle Peralta
Noelle Peralta
Europeans sough alternate trade routes with the Middle East because their enemies, Italians and Muslims, controlled the most direct routes.
Mod 1-4
Which native group revolted against the spanish in response to religious persecution?
Riley Stanford
Pueblo Indians
1.1
Who were the Incas?
Marcelo Tohen
A group of Native Americans living in present day Peru and the Andes. They developed a system of step farming to makeup for the mountainous terrain for their crops.
Module 1-2
What are three factors that combined stabilized Europe, allowing European powers to launch expeditions to explore the world?
Alexis Limary
- Profits from agriculture and commerce allowing the wealthy and powerful to invest in the arts and luxury goods.
- Cultural Renaissance (cultural and intellectual flowering, starting in Italy and spreading through Europe)
- Political unification (Powerful rulers extending their control to smaller city states. Created nation-states led by monarchs)
What diseases were brought to the New World from Europe as part of the Columbian Exchange?
Smallpox, measles, typhus, malaria, and cholera
1-4
What American Indian society was the conquistador Hernan Cortés most known for conquering?
Caden Ross
Cortés was known for conquering the city of Tenochtitlan (modern-day Mexico City). What ultimately gave Cortes the victory was the Natives’ weakness to old world diseases that they were increasingly exposed to via the Columbian Exchange, smallpox.
Module 1-1
Who were the Ute People? How did they adapt to the landscape around them?
William Landahl
The Ute People were a Native American group from the arid Great Basin region. They had a hunter-gatherer lifestyle, and were more migratory, and they survived off of the land by eating foods such as seeds from grasses and small game
Module 1-4
What was the Council of Valliodad?
Carlos Gutierrez
The Council of Valloidad was a significiant debate in 1550-1551 between Juan Gines de Sepulvida and Bartolome de las Casas concerning native treatment. Juan Gines de Sepulvida argued for the majority view of the Spanish, being that the Natives were savages because they engaged in cannibalism and other violations of “natural law”. Hence, the Spanish had a right to civilize the Natives by force if necessary. De las Casas meanwhile argued that the treatment and forced labor of the Natives was unjust. The Spanish brutal approach would stray the Natives further away from Christianity and God. He suggested a more pacifist approach.
Module 1-4
How did Bartolome de Las Casas defend Native rights?
Monica Dominguez
The Spaniards wanted to convert Natives to Catholicism, but many Native laborers were dying due to harsh labor conditions. Las Casas argued that every death meant another soul lost to God, and any survivors would despise a religion that allowed so many to die a brutal death. Las Casas even suggested replacing Native slaves with African slaves.
What navigational tools did Portugal create?
Lane Buchanan
Portugal made the caravel which was a small ship that was fast and maneuverable. They also upgraded the astrolabe which was a compass-like tool made by the Greeks.
Module 1-2
Who was the European explorer who sailed around the southern tip of Africa to reach Asia?
Maaz Aamer
Vasco da Gama
1-4
Why did Spanish colonists come to the Americas? What was/were the driving force(s) that led them to colonisation?
Shadow
The 3 G’s: God, Glory, and Gold
The Spanish came to the Americas because they wanted to get Gold, spread belief of God, and return with Glory.
Three G’s
Module 1-4
What was the requerimiento and what did it allow the Spanish to do?
Grace Wascoe Bauman
The requerimientio was a legal document issued by King Ferdinand and **Queen Isabella **of Spain. It allowed the Spanish to justify the brutal subjugation of American people and lands through European concepts of law and religion.
Module 1-4
How did the Pueblo Indians adapt to their surroundings?
(In terms of their homes)
Wyatt Bryniarski
Pueblo Indians built natural cliff dwelings for their homes.
Module 1-3
What were three things introduced to the Old World from the New World as part of the Columbian Exchange?
Zoë Munson
potatoes, tomatoes, maize,
Module 1-3
What were the Navigation Acts?
The Navigation Acts of the British Parliament restricted trade so that all trade would pass through the British Empire, as these acts made a lot of money for the British (also associated with the economic principle of mercantilism)
Module 1-5
What group of people were at the top of the Spanish Caste system?
Leo Griscom
Peninsulares
What’s a similarity and difference of the casta and Encomienda system?
Similarity- both Spanish made.
Difference- Ecomienda was forced labor for anyone working on an owned plot of land and caste is a class system related to race. ( both had Spanish decent on top)
Amelia B
What is an example of a pre-Columbian indigenous tribe from the American Southwest, and what were their defining characteristics?
Ms. Matton
The Pueblo People
1. lived in complex socities and built adobe dwellings to adapt to their environment
2. cultivated maize, beans, and squash (the 3 sisters)
What are two examples of pre-Columbian Native American societies that were migratory because of their access to resources?
Ms. Matton
- Great Basin Indians (ex: Ute)
- Great Plains Indians (ex: Sioux)
They subsisted as hunter-gatherers and thus migrated to track the animals they hunted vs. growing crops in established settlements
What Native American group made up of multiple tribes along the Great Lakes and upper New York grew more cohesive and gained substantial power as colonies were established?
Ms. Matton
The Iroquios
(I.e. The Iroquois Confederacy made up of the Mohwak, Oneida, Cayuga, Seneca, and Onondaga)
The “opening” date of Period 1 (1492) is associated with…
Christopher Columbus’s arrival in the “New World” when he landed in Hispaniola
The “closing” date of Period 1 (1607) is associated with…
Ms. Matton
The founding of Jamestown in Virginia (one of the Chesapeake colonies) in 1607
Who financed Columbus’s expedition in 1492?
Isabella and Ferdinand, monarchs of the Spanish Crown
Who was at the top of the social class according to the Spanish casta system?
Peninsulares; these were Spanish colonists who were born in Spain to pure Spanish parents (i.e. born in the Iberian Peninsula)
The name for a social group under the casta system for those born to Spanish parents but who were born IN the colonies (as opposed to back in Spain) was…
creoles (criollos)
What was one of the largest ways the Columbian Exchange impacted the population of American Indians societies?
Disease (esp. smallpox) decimated many native populations in staggering amounts
When was Jamestown founded/established?
1607
When was Plymouth established +the Mayflower Compact (also what is the Mayflower Compact?)
- The Mayflower Compact was the first governing document for the Plymouth colonie. This was made by the people on the Mayflower (many puritans)
