Period 4 (1800-1848) Flashcards
1
Q
Mod 4-1
Which Supreme Court case reinforced the federal government’s ability to utilize the implied powers clause (aka the “elastic clause”) of the Constitution?
Ben Volk
A
McCulloch v. Maryland
2
Q
Mod 4-2
Which treaty involved Spain ceding all its territory east of the Mississippi to the U.S.?
Ben Volk
A
Adams-Onís Treaty
3
Q
Mod 4-5
What bill was passed by the federal government to authorize using military force in the face of states nullifying laws?
Ben Volk
A
Force Bill
4
Q
Mod 4-2
A compromise that added Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state that also established the line between the future free and slave states.
Jadon
A
Missouri Compromise
5
Q
Mod 4-7
Which convention produced the Declaration of Sentiments, which called for women’s equality and the right to vote?
Jadon
A
Seneca Falls Convention
6
Q
Mod 4-1
What was the foreign policy statement issued by President James Monroe in 1823 that declared that the Western Hemisphere was off-limits to further European colonization and interference, while also stating that the United States would not involve itself in European affairs?
Jadon
A
Monroe Doctrine
7
Q
Module 4-4
What was the political agreement between Henry Clay and John Quincy Adams that Clay would withdraw from the race in an exchange for an appointment in Adam’s cabinet?
Alexis Limary
A
- The “corrupt bargain”
- Claim made by Andrew Jackson after he lost the 1824 presidential election
8
Q
Module 4-8
The Liberty Party (1840) and the Free-Soil Party (1848) are both examples of what?
Alexis Limary
A
- Antislavery political parties
- Free-Soil Party founded by political abolitionists.
- Both parties helped to place slavery at the center of national political debates
9
Q
Module 4-8
Who was William Lloyd Garrison and what was he known for?
Alexis Limary
A
- White Bostonian
- Inspired by David Walker’s political stance he launched the Liberator, an abolitionist paper (in some ways a rival of Frederick Douglass’s The North Star
- Urged white antislavery activists to embrace the goal of immediate emancipation without compensation to slaveholders
10
Q
Module 4-1
What was the Louisiana Purchase, when was it, and who purchased the land?
Grace W.B.
A
- Purchase from France
- Vast territory stretching from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains and from New Orleans to present-day Montana (doubled size of nation)
- 1803
- Thomas Jefferson
11
Q
Module 4-2
What was the Panic of 1819?
Grace W.B.
A
- nation’s first severe recession
- lasted 4 years
- resulted from irresponsible banking practices and the declining demand abroad for American goods (including cotton)
12
Q
Module 4-6
What was Nat Turner’s Rebellion?
Grace W.B.
A
- 1831
- slave uprising in Virginia led by Nat Turner
- generated panic among white southerners
- led to tighter control of African Americans and white southerners
- stricter slave codes in southern states
13
Q
4-2
What was the result of the ending of transatlantic slavery
A
The result was an increase in domestic reproduction of slaves
14
Q
4-3
What did the Battle of New Orleans do for Andrew Jackson’s reputation.
A
It gained him major popularity with the common people. This war was fought even after the War of 1812 was ended.
15
Q
4-2
Why was the Missouri Compromise such a controversial topic?
A
Because it made it not sure if the slave v free state ratio would be messed up, so Missouri entered as a slave state and Maine entered as a free state to regain balance.
16
Q
Module 4.1
How did the Judiciary Branch gain power in the early 18th century?
Ian Marin
A
The court expanded its power by asserting that the Supreme Court had the right to decide which federal laws were constitutional through the case Marbury v. Madison in 1803.
It also expanded in power thanks to McCulloch v. Maryland, giving in the power to use the “implied powers” clause
17
Q
Module 4.4
Why was Andrew Jackson upset about the “corrupt bargain”?
Ian Marin
A
There were four presidential candidates in the election of 1824; Andrew Jackson and John Quincy Adams were the most prominent. Henry Clay, one of the other candidates, dropped out and gave his votes to Adams in exchange for a position in Adams’s cabinet. Jackson lost the election because of this, and was obviously upset.
18
Q
Module 4.5
Why was the case Cherokee Nation v. Georgia significant?
Ian Marin
A
It was important because Georgia officials wanted to place new restrictions on Natives living in Georgia, so the Cherokee went to court to dispute this; they said they were a seperate nation. The court recognized this and surprisingly ruled in Cherokee favored, marking the case in history.
19
Q
4-1
What rebellion was believed to be influenced by the Haitian Revolution?
Blaise S
A
Gabriel’s Rebellion (1800)
20
Q
4-3
How did the Panic of 1819 affect the American economy?
Blaise S
A
Severe recession
lowered the demand for american goods abroad
loss of jobs and property
banks collapsing
21
Q
4-7
How were women originally involved in social reform movements?
Blaise S
A
establishing charitable organizations
constructing asylums
circulating petitions
organizing boycotts
publishing newspapers
22
Q
4.1
In what year did the International slave trade end in America?
Noelle Peralta
A
The international slave trade ended in 1808.
23
Q
4.4
How did Nat Turner’s Rebellion effect slavery conditions in the South?
Noelle Peralta
A
It increased the strictness of slavery conditions as white slaveholders feared more uprisings would occur, as well as making some Virginians question the morality of slavery.
24
Q
4.5
Why did the working class of America no longer need to specialize in skills for jobs?
Noelle Peralta
A
Due to the development of the American System of Manufacturing.
25
# module 4-6
A harsher and more enforced slave code along with less opportunity for slaves to earn freedom was an outcome of which main rebellion?
## Footnote
Phillip Skarbek
Nat Turners Rebellion
26
# module 4-5 +4-6
Who were the main leaders of the democrats, national republicans, whigs, and democratic republicans?
## Footnote
Phillip Skarbek
Democrats(Andrew Jackson), National republicans(John Adams), Democratic republicans(Thomas Jefferson), Whigs(Henry Clay)
27
# module 4-5
What act/bill was an outcome of South Carolina approving the Ordinance of Nullification, and what did it do?
## Footnote
Phillip Skarbek
Force Bill (allowed president to use military force when a state resisted federal teriffs)
28
What was the Whig party?
Rio Chavez
* A political party formed in the 1830s to challenge the power of Democratic Party.
* Stemmed from the old Federalist Party and the old National Republican party (everyone who challenged Jackson's policies)
* focused on commercial and industrial development
* cautious to westward expansion; didn't want to open up slavery question
* main supporters were John C. Calhoun and Henry Clay
29
What was the trail of tears?
Rio Chavez
The forced march and relocation of many Native Americans(Cherokees) from Georgia to west of the Mississippi River that was designated Indian territory. The poor conditions such as bad planning food/water problems, sanitation and lack of medicine led to the deaths of many Cherokees.
30
What were the nativists?
Rio Chavez
Anti-immigrant americans who launched campaigns against foreigners during the 1840s. Nativism was a response to increased immigration to the united states in the 1830s and 40s mostly due to the large influx of catholic immigrans.
31
How did socail reforms affect working class men and alcoholism?
| MJ
Social reforms from 1800-1840 cause the creation of the Temperance movement. This movement consisted of mostly working class men who focused on the abuse of alcohol.
32
# Module 4-5
How were Thomas Jefferson and Andrew Jackson similar?
## Footnote
Grace W
They were both advocates for the Yeoman farmer
33
# Module 4-1
How did Thomas Jefferson justify the Louisiana Purchase?
## Footnote
Jessica Zhao
* it would allow for more Native Americans to be removed
* it would end European influence in the region
* it would expand trade networks
34
# Module 4-3
What was the idea of separate spheres?
## Footnote
Jessica Zhao
Men occupy the social, public sphere, while women occupy the domestic, private sphere
35
# Module 4-5
What was the Treaty of New Echota and why is it significant?
## Footnote
Jessica Zhao
1. Proposed by US officials to exchange 100mill. acres of Cherokee land for $68mill. and 32mill acres in Indian Territory
2. Was obtained without tribal sanction and eventually led to the Trail of Tears
36
# 4-6
What was John Calhoun's thinking about slavery?
## Footnote
Wyatt Bryniarski
He believed that Slavery was a positive good and argued that no civilization had ever before had come to power without it and that it was a nessesity for an economy and a civiliazation.
37
# 4-8
What was the Declaration of Sentiments?
## Footnote
Wyatt Bryniarski
It was a declaration for better treatment of women and more rights for women which was signed by over one hundred participants.
It was modeled after the same language as the Declaration of Independent
38
# 4-5
What was the Indian Removal Act (1830)?
## Footnote
Wyatt Bryniarski
It was an act proposed by Andrew Jackson that force Indians into western land.
39
What northern abolitionist organization was founded by William Garrison in 1833?
The American Anti-Slavery Society (AASS)
40
Why was the Liberty Party formed and what views did it consist of?
The liberty Party was a political party that was formed to help slavery at the center of national political debates.
41
What was Nativism?
## Footnote
Ethan Xia
Racist/xenophobic beliefs targeted at immigrants in America
42
How did Andrew Jackson gain popularity
| riley stanford
He fought in the war of 1812 and won the Battle of New Orleans for the US
43
What was the Second Great Awakening?
## Footnote
Ethan Xia
A religious revival starting in 1801 as a result of new scientific discoveries. Many new religious groups expanded the diversity of their followers to include more women and African Americans
44
What was the Missouri Compromise?
## Footnote
Ethan Xia
A law passed in 1820 that allowed Missouri to enter the US as a slave state while Maine was admitted as a free state. The 36th parallel became the boundary separating free and slave states.
45
Who was one of the main leaders of the Whig Party
| Riley stanford
Henry Clay
46
# Mod 4-5
What was the Panic of 1837?
## Footnote
Monica Dominguez
The Panic of 1837 was a financial crisis that started with large loans of money and investment in cotton from Britain to the US. England has bad harvests and the Bank of England had to restrict money flow out of the country. Investors called in loans, so interest rates rocketed while cotton prices fell. The nation suffered because of the heavy reliance across the country based in cotton creation and selling. Many went bankrupt and were left unemployed.
47
# Mod 4-6
In what ways did African Americans develop their own culture in the early 1800s? (pre-Civil war)
## Footnote
Monica Dominguez
African Americans continued to use their African names, they made herbal medicines similar to those used in West Africa, they continued to follow their own religions alongside Protestantism, they used music and dancing in worship, and they created their own form of marriage in the church.
48
# Module 4-3
What was the Erie Canal?
## Footnote
Claire Lim
It was the most important and profitable canal in the early 1800s.
49
# Module 4-3
What was the primary cause for the Panic of 1837?
## Footnote
Claire Lim
Massive declines in cotton prices and President Jackson's refusal to renew the Second Bank of the United States.
50
# Module 4-7
What were boomtowns?
## Footnote
Claire Lim
They were areas that became rapidly developed, usually from mining enterprises.
51
# Module 4-7
What was a belief of Transcendentalism?
## Footnote
Lane Buchanan
All individuals should look to themselves for guidance rather than a formal religion.
52
# Module 4-5
What was the Tariff of Abominations?
## Footnote
Lane Buchanan
1828 Tariff act that benefited northern manufactures at the expense of southern platations
53
# 4-6
What is nullification?
## Footnote
Liliana Varley
The doctrine that individual states have the right to declare federal laws unconstitutional and therefore, void, witin their borders. South Carolina attempted to invoke the doctrine of nullification in response to the tarrif of 1832.
54
# 4-3
How did the Panic of 1819 change the role of womens rights in factories?
## Footnote
Liliana Varley
The Panic of 1819 intenisified fear of job losses. As a result womens organizing activites were put on hold until the economy recovered.
55
# 4-7
What were Utopian Communities?
## Footnote
Liliana Varley
Communities formed in the first half of the 19th century to embody alternative social and economic visions and to create models for society at large to follow.
56
# Module 4-1
What Revolution in the West Indies during the late 18th century worried Southern Plantation owners because of potential future rebellions?
| Maaz
The Haitian Revolution
57
# Module 4-1
Which invention allowed cotton to be produced more efficiently and who invented it?
| Maaz
The cotton gin invented by Eli Whitney
58
# Module 4-4
What was the "corrupt bargain"?
| Maaz
The corrupt bargain was what Jackson supporters called the result of the 1828 election. Jackson had won popular vote, but Clay decided to pull out of the election and have his supporters suport Adams in order to have Adams win the election. In return, Clay was appointed as Adam's Secretary of State.
59
# 4-1
What event most directly caused France to give the Louisiana territory to the U.S.?
## Footnote
Marcelo Tohen
The Haitian Revolution
Because after France lost the Haiti land to the slave rebbelion there. There insentive to keep Louisiana as a trade spot declined massively.
60
# 4-3
What cause most directly lead to deskilling?
## Footnote
Marcelo Tohen
The automization of making goods by machines such as the Cotton Gin (made by Eli Whitney) where hand making goods was no longer as needed.
61
# 4-8
What were some of the groups from the the Abolitionist movements in the first half of the 19th century? What party was focused on resolving the slavery isue? And what were people called who opposed immigration because of the economic competition it caused?
## Footnote
Marcelo Tohen
Baptists, Methodists, Presbuterians (refusing slaveholders). The Liberty Party. And the nativists.
62
When was the international slave trade ended?
1808
63
# 4-6
What happened on the spanish ship "Amistad" and how did this affect american societies?
## Footnote
Valerie Meza
There was a slave mutiny where the slaves gained control of the ships when caught, their freedom turned into a court case where they were granted their freedom causing fear for american slaveholders and growing ideas of aboliton
64
# 4-7
Who was Charles Finney and what did he do?
## Footnote
Valerie Meza
Charles Finney was a preacher who led the 2nd great awakening and brought it from just lower class to upper class
65
# Module 4-7
How did waves of immigration from other countries (particularly from Ireland) to urban centers in the United States affect social, religous, and political tensions?
## Footnote
William Landahl
1. The growing Irish population was majority Catholic, leading to the expansion and spread of Catholic institutions such as Catholic churches and convents. This growing Catholic population subsequently found themselves enraveled in tensions with other religious groups (primarily Protestants) due to anti-Catholic sentiment, occasionally leading to attacks on Catholic institutions.
2. The growing immigrant population continually found themselves to be the enemy of social reform movements. In particular, Protestant followers of the temperance movement were supposedly able to distinguish themselves from the "drunk Irish Catholics" by giving up drinking.
3. Nativist movements primarily blamed Irish Catholics for societal issues such as poverty and widespread alcoholism, leading to tensions between the two groups.
66
# Module 4-2 and Module 4-5
How did secession appear in U.S. politics prior to the Civil War? Name two key examples from 1800 to 1848 and provide context as to why secession was proposed.
## Footnote
William Landahl
1. The War of 1812 was opposed by New England Federalists from the beginning due to their anger over the negative effects the war would have on trade in the Northeast. However, the war proceeded on despite this oppositon. Thus, during the 1814 Hartford Convention, many Federalists called for the region to secede from the union. However, this plan never came to fruition.
2. The Tariff of 1828, which was known to Southerners as the "Tariff of Abominations," was not addressed clearly by the Jackson administration following Andrew Jackson's election. Thus, the state of South Carolina attemped to "nullify" this federal law, and threatened secession in the event that federal officials attempted to enforce the law.
67
# Module 4-4
Why did the Democratic-Republicans begin to split apart during the 1820s? What were the names of the new factions that the Democratic-Republicans split between, and who were some of their respective key figures?
## Footnote
William Landahl
During the 1820s, the Democratic-Republicans begin to split internally over issues such as the extent of consitutional power. Furthermore, the party experienced splits between upstarts like Andrew Jackson and the establishment wing of the party. These differences led the Democratic-Republicans split into two distinct factions (later parties): the National Republicans and the Democrats. The Democrats were led primarily by Jackson, while the National Republicans were led by figures such as John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay.
68
# 4-2
What were the causes of the War of 1812?
## Footnote
duanduan
1. Britain impeded in trade between France and America, and France did the same with trade between America and Britain.
2. Impressment of U.S. seamen into the British Royal Navy
69
How did the temprence movement spread anti-Catholic sentiment in the US?
Rosa
The temprence movement was a largely protestant movement, and given that it was protestant, it was started by those of mainly english descent who were born on english soil. The common conception at the time was that Irish and Scottish immigrants (Ireland andScotland were largely catholic) were drunks, meaning that when the temprence movement claimed that drinking led to laziness and violence, people who supported that movement associated those two things with the Irish and Scottish, reinforcing anti-Catholic sentiment in America.
70
# 4-2/4-4
How did the Panic of 1812 relate to the expansion of democracy?
## Footnote
duanduan
After the panic of 1812, working men, who were most affected, wanted to be able to hold politicians accountable and demanded the right to vote. In doing so, many states lowered or eliminated the property ownership qualification entirely.
71
# 4-8
who was David Walker?
## Footnote
duanduan
* David Walker was a black radical abolitionist who wrote *Appeal... to the Colored Citizens of the World*x
72
How did the spread of participatory democracy influence the social reform movement?
Rosa
With an uprise in participatory democracy, more people in the US felt like they had a voice that mattered, leading. them to advocate for things that mattered to them, such as abolition.
73
# 4.1
what were some impacts the cotton industry had in the united states?
| Corinne Dracup
* helped shape the economy/ society in southern US
* increased demand for enslaved labor
74
# 4.1
What was a significant limitation to foreign trade in the early 19th century?
## Footnote
Corinne Dracup
The embargo act: prohibeted american ships from leaving home ports to protect american interests during conflicts with britain and france (1807)
75
Why was there an increase in popular politics/representation in government?
## Footnote
Shadow Leger
The voting requirements on property and wealth were lessened.
76
What was caused by the Louisianna Purchase and led to Yeoman farmers moving west and the deaths of many Native Americans?
## Footnote
Shadow lEger
Indian Removal Act/ Trail of Tears
77
Which war did Jackson use as his 'claim to fame' and what happened?
## Footnote
Sahdiw Leger
The War of 1812 was called off by federalists with the Treaty of Ghent, however Andrew Jackson won a battle after the war was over showing that America could've won and didn't have to do a treatery. This was the federalists power in government's last blow and no more federalists.
78
# 4-4
What two political parties did the demeocratic-republicans split into during the election of 1824
## Footnote
Valerie Meza
The democrats who was led by andrew jackson and the national republicans led by henry clay
79
# Module 4-2
What were the causes and effects of the panic of 1819?
## Footnote
Grace W
Irresponsible banking practices caused it and it led to poverty all over the country
80
# Module 4-4
What change in American politics did Andrew Jackson bring by winning the election of 1828?
## Footnote
Grace W
The rise of power for a new Democratic Party
81
# 4-3
Between 1820 and 1840, where did immigrants most commonly come from?
## Footnote
Caden
Germany and Ireland
82
How did the reliance on slavery in the US change after the end of the trans-Atlantic slave trade?
## Footnote
Leo Griscom
It grew with the cotton gin, and slave owners began to rely on natural reproduction to increase slave populations.
83
Who were the two people accused of the “corrupt bargain”?
## Footnote
Leo Griscom
John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay.
84
What democratic party were the Whigs similar to?
## Footnote
Leo Griscom
Federalists.
85
An Evangelical revival movement that began in the South in the early nineteenth century
Second Great Awakening
86
What went on after the purchase of the Louisiana Territory?
Lewis and Clark Expedition (Corps of Discovery)
87
# Module 4-2
What led to the decline of the federalists?
| Carlos Gutierrez
New England federalists held the Hartford Convention intending to address the War of 1812 and possibly bring an end to it. They generally sought to restrain federal power by imposing single-term limits and a two-third majority to declare war. There were also some calls for NE to secede. The US victory in the war of 1812 greatly embarrased NE federalists. In addiition, americans believed that the federalists were acting in opposition to american interests.
88
# Module 4-4
What led to Jackson's victory in the election of 1828?
| Carlos Gutierrez
Jackson won the election of 1828 largely through populism. He fostered the idea of running for office. In order to achieve this, he appealed to the people and sought to represent all their interests. He suggested reducing tariffs which greatly appealed to southerners. His military background appealed to northern workingmen and frontier farmers. Most importantly, his status as an Indian fighter appealed to westerners and southerners.
89
# Module 4-5
What was the outcome of Cherokee Nation vs Georgia?
## Footnote
Zoë Munson
The court ruled that the Cherokee Nation was sovereign and that Georgia could not impose state laws within their boundaries.
90
# Module 4-4
What was the corrupt bargain?
## Footnote
Zoë Munson
An agreement between John Quincy Addams and Henry Clay during the 1824 election that Clay would withdraw from the race in exchange for an appointment in Addams cabinet.
91
# Module 4-8
What was the liberty party?
## Footnote
Zoë Munson
An antislavery political party formed in 1840.
92
What created participatory democracy?
| Jaycee Sanchez
The removal of property requirements for voting and presidents, like Andrew Jackson, “running for office”
93
When was the international slave trade ended?
| Jaycee Sanchez
1808
94
What are some ways African Americans created a distinct culture?
| Jaycee Sanchez
African Americans would still tell stories, listen to music, and wear clothing from their african culture, while also mixing some of it into more American beliefs. This is seen in the mixture between religions and how African Americans would often convert to Protestant beliefs, while still incorporating their rituals and healing medicine.
95
A good example of transportation affecting surrounding landscapes..
Erie Canal
Amelia B
96
Gabriel’s rebellion was mostly inspired by what?
The Haitian revolt
Amelia Bosch
97
Who did the corrupt bargain include, who did it affect negatively, and when was it?
Resulted in Andrew Jackson losing election
clay and Adam benefitted 1824
Amelia Bosch
98
# Period 4
What was the **spoils sytem**, and who was it associated with?
## Footnote
Ms. Matton
* Andrew Jackson's method of turning over civil servant jobs to new govt officials "loyal" to him
* officials were replaced by those loyal to the new administration and were not always the most qualified for the positions
* over several presidential terms in the 1800s, it led to corruption and inefficiency
* it was ended later in the Gilded Age with the Pendleton Act (1883)
99
# Period 4
What is meant by the term **"cult of domesticity**?
## Footnote
Ms. Matton
* unlike the more public-minded idea of Republican Motherhood (esp. associated with Period 3 and the Revolution), this concept defined a woman's role in marriage as maintaining the HOME for her husband and raising children
* women's participation in the political sphere was limited to religious/reform activity, such as the temperance and abolitionist movements
* this included an embrace of traditional gender roles where there was a distinction between the woman's "private" sphere vs. men's participation in the "public" sphere
100
# Period 4 (and Period 5)
Who was Frederick Douglass, and what was he especially known for?
## Footnote
Ms. Matton
* an escaped slave and outspoken abolitionist
* published his own newspaper *The North Star* (in some ways a rival of William Lloyd Garrison's *The Liberator)*
* favored POLITICAL methods of reform
* also participated and was present at some early women's rights conventions (i.e. Seneca Falls)
* known as the father of the American Civil Rights movements
101
What were the main goals/focuses of the Temperance Movement?
* sought a moderate or full ban on alcohol consumption
* women were especially involved in the movement
* also tied to the religious revivalism of the Second Great Awakening
102
# Period 4
What was the context of the Seminole Wars? (who involved, where, when)
## Footnote
Ms. Matton
* fought mostly in Florida as Seminole natives were pressured to re-locate west (~1820-1850s)
* Seminole people fought harshly in Georgia and Alabama
103
# Period 4
Who were the Lowell Girls?
* women (esp. unmarried/immigrant women) who worked in textile mills in the North (esp. during development of the industry/manufacturing from 1800-1848)
104
# Period 4
105
When was most "Indian Removal" and the Trail of Tears?
1830’s
