Period 4 Flashcards
Muslim Empires
Ottoman
Safavid
Mughal
~ competition led to political divisions and military clashes
~ all had absolute monarchs
What were some problems that contributed to the Muslim empire decline?
~ inadequate transportation and communication system
~ unruly warrior elites inadequate bureaucracies
~ rise of European rivals
Factors that weakened Ming & early Qing dynasties in china
~ borders difficult to guard
~ armies expensive to maintain
~ transportation & communication issues
Factors that led to Ming Dynasty decline
~ climactic change: colder, affected agriculture & health & famine & rebellions ~ nomadic invasions ~ pirates ~ decline of the Silk Road ~ inept rulers
The early Qing dynasty
~ overthrew Ming dynasty
~ ruled china until 1911
~ Manchu kept ethnicity
~ ruled over golden age
Chinese contact with Europeans
~east-west contact intensified during Qing
~ Christian missionaries from the west
~Europeans wanted Chinese goods
~ china opened southern port to Europeans with close supervision
Tokugawa Japan
~ a gunpowder empire emerged
~ Tokugawa unified japan politically
~ didn’t want to be in contact with Europeans in fear
–closed japan and expelled Europeans
Russian empire before westernization
~ before peters rule Russia almost no contact with Europe
~ looked to Europe for strength
~ couldn’t participate in maritime revolution
~ no infrastructure, no navy! few warm water ports
~ wanted to westernize Russia
How did the Russian empire westernize under Peter ?
~ military reform: built an army ~ build infrastructure ~ expanded territory ~ regionalization of bureaucracy ~ relocation of capital
African kingdoms: songhay
~ diverse continent
~ songhay: largest most organized empire
~ had been controlled previously by Mali
~ prosperous
~ Islam supported by elite
~ didn’t have guns and were defeated
African kingdoms: Swahili city states
~ 16thC : destruction of most city states by Portuguese
Gunpowder empires
~ several land based empires built their power on the use of gunpowder (Ottomans, Safavid, Mughals, Ming & Qing, Russian Empire)
~ all had huge armies with guns
~ developed independently from W influence
~ able to conquer nomadic groups
Slave trade
~ readily adopted in the Americas
~ African kingdoms practiced slavery
~ accommodated with europes want for slaves
African slave trade
~ slavery took many forms in Africa before AST
~ African slaves traded to western hempishpere and Islamic lands
Slave Trade to Muslim lands
~ more slaves crossed Atlantic than Sahara
~ most slaves to Middle East and India were female
Labor systems in the Americas
~ as a result of the Spanish wanting silver and gold
~ Mita: incas labor tax to support elites and elderly adopted by Spanish
~ encomienda: natives placed under encomiendas (Spanish bosses)
Demographic changes
~ Rise in European population
~ decrease in population in Americas
~ no overall pop decrease in africa
~ populations in Asia grew immensely
Environmental changes
~ Colombian exchange
~ soil exhaustion: plantations
~ deforestation: by spaniards
Europeans and Asian commerce
~ Europeans wanted commercial connections to Asian commerce
~ desired spices
Portuguese and commerce
~ didn’t have goods of quality for effective competition
~ piracy
~ created “trading post empire”
~ wanted to control commerce! not people
~ operated by force of arms
~ gradually assimilated to IO trade patterns
~ trading post in steep decline by 1600
Spain and the Philippines
~ Spain challanged portugals control of Asian trade
~ establishment of Spanish bases
~ forced relocation, taxes, tribute! unpaid labor
East Indian companies
~ Dutch and England entered in 17thC ~ soon displaced Portuguese ~ organized private trading companies ~ established trading post empires ~ Dutch: Indonesia England: India ~ destroyed economy of spice islands
British East Indian company
~ not as well financed as Dutch
~ established major trading settlements in India
~ navy gained control
~ couldn’t compete with Mughal empire on land
~ negotiated with local rulers
~ peacefully established bases
Japan and European commerce
~ 16thC japan divided by feudal lords supported by samarium
~ at first Europeans were welcomed
~ japan unified politically under shogun
~ then regarded Europeans as threat
~ Europeans soon banned
Silver and global commerce
~ silver even more important than spice trade
~ China’s economy huge growing demand for silver
~ silver central to world trade
~ enriched Spanish monarchy
~ shoguns used silver to unify
~ further commercialized China’s country
Globalization of Christianity
~ 1500 limited to Europeans
~ reformation
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