Period 4

Question 1

Muslim Empires
Ottoman
Safavid
Mughal

Answer 1

~ competition led to political divisions and military clashes
~ all had absolute monarchs

Question 2

What were some problems that contributed to the Muslim empire decline?

Answer 2

~ inadequate transportation and communication system
~ unruly warrior elites inadequate bureaucracies
~ rise of European rivals

Question 3

Factors that weakened Ming & early Qing dynasties in china

Answer 3

~ borders difficult to guard
~ armies expensive to maintain
~ transportation & communication issues

Question 4

Factors that led to Ming Dynasty decline

Answer 4

~ climactic change: colder, affected agriculture & health & famine & rebellions 
~ nomadic invasions 
~ pirates 
~ decline of the Silk Road 
~ inept rulers

Question 5

The early Qing dynasty

Answer 5

~ overthrew Ming dynasty
~ ruled china until 1911
~ Manchu kept ethnicity
~ ruled over golden age

Question 6

Chinese contact with Europeans

Answer 6

~east-west contact intensified during Qing
~ Christian missionaries from the west
~Europeans wanted Chinese goods
~ china opened southern port to Europeans with close supervision

Question 7

Tokugawa Japan

Answer 7

~ a gunpowder empire emerged
~ Tokugawa unified japan politically
~ didn’t want to be in contact with Europeans in fear
–closed japan and expelled Europeans

Question 8

Russian empire before westernization

Answer 8

~ before peters rule Russia almost no contact with Europe
~ looked to Europe for strength
~ couldn’t participate in maritime revolution
~ no infrastructure, no navy! few warm water ports
~ wanted to westernize Russia

Question 9

How did the Russian empire westernize under Peter ?

Answer 9

~ military reform: built an army 
~ build infrastructure 
~ expanded territory
~ regionalization of bureaucracy
~ relocation of capital

Question 10

African kingdoms: songhay

Answer 10

~ diverse continent
~ songhay: largest most organized empire
~ had been controlled previously by Mali
~ prosperous
~ Islam supported by elite
~ didn’t have guns and were defeated

Question 11

African kingdoms: Swahili city states

Answer 11

~ 16thC : destruction of most city states by Portuguese

Question 12

Gunpowder empires

Answer 12

~ several land based empires built their power on the use of gunpowder (Ottomans, Safavid, Mughals, Ming & Qing, Russian Empire)
~ all had huge armies with guns
~ developed independently from W influence
~ able to conquer nomadic groups

Question 13

Slave trade

Answer 13

~ readily adopted in the Americas
~ African kingdoms practiced slavery
~ accommodated with europes want for slaves

Question 14

African slave trade

Answer 14

~ slavery took many forms in Africa before AST

~ African slaves traded to western hempishpere and Islamic lands

Question 15

Slave Trade to Muslim lands

Answer 15

~ more slaves crossed Atlantic than Sahara

~ most slaves to Middle East and India were female

Question 16

Labor systems in the Americas

Answer 16

~ as a result of the Spanish wanting silver and gold
~ Mita: incas labor tax to support elites and elderly adopted by Spanish
~ encomienda: natives placed under encomiendas (Spanish bosses)

Question 17

Demographic changes

Answer 17

~ Rise in European population
~ decrease in population in Americas
~ no overall pop decrease in africa
~ populations in Asia grew immensely

Question 18

Environmental changes

Answer 18

~ Colombian exchange
~ soil exhaustion: plantations
~ deforestation: by spaniards

Question 19

Europeans and Asian commerce

Answer 19

~ Europeans wanted commercial connections to Asian commerce

~ desired spices

Question 20

Portuguese and commerce

Answer 20

~ didn’t have goods of quality for effective competition
~ piracy
~ created “trading post empire”
~ wanted to control commerce! not people
~ operated by force of arms
~ gradually assimilated to IO trade patterns
~ trading post in steep decline by 1600

Question 21

Spain and the Philippines

Answer 21

~ Spain challanged portugals control of Asian trade
~ establishment of Spanish bases
~ forced relocation, taxes, tribute! unpaid labor

Question 22

East Indian companies

Answer 22

~ Dutch and England entered in 17thC
~ soon displaced Portuguese 
~ organized private trading companies  
~ established trading  post empires
~ Dutch: Indonesia England: India 
~ destroyed economy of spice islands

Question 23

British East Indian company

Answer 23

~ not as well financed as Dutch
~ established major trading settlements in India
~ navy gained control
~ couldn’t compete with Mughal empire on land
~ negotiated with local rulers
~ peacefully established bases

Question 24

Japan and European commerce

Answer 24

~ 16thC japan divided by feudal lords supported by samarium
~ at first Europeans were welcomed
~ japan unified politically under shogun
~ then regarded Europeans as threat
~ Europeans soon banned

Question 25

Silver and global commerce

Answer 25

~ silver even more important than spice trade
~ China’s economy huge growing demand for silver
~ silver central to world trade
~ enriched Spanish monarchy
~ shoguns used silver to unify
~ further commercialized China’s country

Question 26

Globalization of Christianity

Answer 26

~ 1500 limited to Europeans
~ reformation
~