Chapter 13 Flashcards
What advantages did Europeans have?
~ geography: their states were well positioned for involvement in the Americas
~ the Chinese & Indians had rich markets in the Indian Ocean so there wasn’t much incentive for them to go beyond their regions
~ rivalry: drove ruler to compete
~ merchants: growing merchant class wanted direct access to Asian wealth
~wealth/statues: colonies as opportunity for improvised nobles and commoners
~ religion: prosecuting minorities looking for freedom, crusading zeal
~ European states & trading companies mobilized resources well with seafaring technology & advanced weapons
The great Dying (demographic collapse of Native American societies) why?
~ They had no immunity to old world diseases
~ Europeans brought European/African diseases
The Colombian exchange
~ cross cultural exchange along the great circuit
~ products that changed diets and work habits around world
Europe to the Americas: horses, cows, wheat, barley, sugarcane, melons
Africa to the Americas: bananas, coffee, sugar, goats, chickens Americas to Europe & af: corn, potatoes, pumpkins, squash
~ resulted in better nutrition and health
~ disease also transferred
How did the Colombian exchange affect the Americas ?
~ reshape world economy
~ importation of African slaves into the Americas
~ new lasting links among Africa! Europe! Americas
Colonial societies in the Americas
~ Europeans created wholly new societies
~ shaped by mercantilism
~ colonies differed widely
Mercantilism
Theory that government should encourage exports & accumulate billions to serve countries
Incas & Aztecs
~ economic basis of colony: agriculture & mining
–native people provided forced labor
~ rise of distinctive social order
Incan and Aztecs distinct social order
~ replicated some! Spanish hierarchy ~ accommodated India's, Africans, and racially mixed ~ spaniards at the top wanted self gov ~ emergence of mestizo population ~ abuse & exploitation of Indians
Who were the sugar colonies ?
Brazil and the Caribbean
Background of sugar
~ Arabs introduced it to Mediterranean
~ Europeans transferred it to Atlantic islands & the Americas
~ Portuguese dominated world sugar market 1570-1670
~ British French and Dutch Broke Portuguese monologue
How did sugar transform Brazil & the Caribbean?
~ production was labor intensive
~ can be called the first modern industry
~ always produced by massive slave labor
~ Indians in the area were almost completely wiped out or fled
~ planters turned to African slaves (80% enslaved ended up in Brazil and C)
–horrid conditions
Much more of Brazilian & Caribbean society was of what decent ?
African
Mulattoes
Mixed Portuguese with African heritage
Plantation complex based on African slavery spread to southern parts of North America
~ less racial mixing
~ less tolerance for mixed blood
~ sharply defined racial system evolved
~ slavery was less harsh
Settler colonies in North America: differenc colonial society emerged in British colonies
~ British got into game late
~ British society changing more rapidly than catholic Spain
~ many British trying to escape elements of European society
~ British settlements more numerous & outnumbered the Spanish
~ small scale farming and didn’t need slaves
What broke down feudalism?
The development of parliament
North America gradually became dominated and more developed than
South America
Making of a Russian empire
~ Small Russian state on Moscow began to emerge
~ began conquering major cities
~ grew into a massive empire over three centuries
~ expanded not Siberia
~ rich agricultural lands, furs, minerals,
The Russian empire became what powers?
Asian and European
Expansion made Russia a ….
Very militarized state that reinforced autocracy(gov where one person has absolute power)
How was the Russian colonization different from the Americas?
~ Russia conquered territories in which they long interacted with before
~ conquered at the same time as Russian developing state
~ Russian empire remained intact until 1991
Asian empires
~ regional not global
~ didn’t fundamentally transform homelands
~ creation didn’t involve massive epidemics
Making China an empire
~ Qing dynasty launched enormous imperial expansion
Who were Qing dynasty Rulers?
Manchu nomads
Qing as an Asian empire
~Used local elites to govern
~ Officials often limited Chinese ways
~gov didn’t try to assimilate conquered people
~ little Chinese settlements in conquered areas
What did Russian and Chinese rule do to Central Asia?
Improvised it
Mughal empire
~ united much of India
~ emperor Akbar attempted serious accommodation of Hindu minority
~ toleration provoked reaction among others
European empires in the Americas
~ Europeans controlled most of the Americas by the mid 19thC
~ spaniards took control of the Caribbean and Aztec and Incan empires
~ Portuguese took control of Brazil
~ British, French, & Dutch colonies in N. America
