Chapter 13

Question 1

What advantages did Europeans have?

Answer 1

~ geography: their states were well positioned for involvement in the Americas
~ the Chinese & Indians had rich markets in the Indian Ocean so there wasn’t much incentive for them to go beyond their regions
~ rivalry: drove ruler to compete
~ merchants: growing merchant class wanted direct access to Asian wealth
~wealth/statues: colonies as opportunity for improvised nobles and commoners
~ religion: prosecuting minorities looking for freedom, crusading zeal
~ European states & trading companies mobilized resources well with seafaring technology & advanced weapons

Question 2

The great Dying (demographic collapse of Native American societies) why?

Answer 2

~ They had no immunity to old world diseases

~ Europeans brought European/African diseases

Question 3

The Colombian exchange

Answer 3

~ cross cultural exchange along the great circuit
~ products that changed diets and work habits around world
Europe to the Americas: horses, cows, wheat, barley, sugarcane, melons
Africa to the Americas: bananas, coffee, sugar, goats, chickens Americas to Europe & af: corn, potatoes, pumpkins, squash
~ resulted in better nutrition and health
~ disease also transferred

Question 4

How did the Colombian exchange affect the Americas ?

Answer 4

~ reshape world economy
~ importation of African slaves into the Americas
~ new lasting links among Africa! Europe! Americas

Question 5

Colonial societies in the Americas

Answer 5

~ Europeans created wholly new societies
~ shaped by mercantilism
~ colonies differed widely

Question 6

Mercantilism

Answer 6

Theory that government should encourage exports & accumulate billions to serve countries

Question 7

Incas & Aztecs

Answer 7

~ economic basis of colony: agriculture & mining
–native people provided forced labor
~ rise of distinctive social order

Question 8

Incan and Aztecs distinct social order

Answer 8

~ replicated some! Spanish hierarchy 
~ accommodated India's, Africans, and racially mixed 
~ spaniards at the top wanted self gov
~ emergence of mestizo population 
~ abuse & exploitation of Indians

Question 9

Who were the sugar colonies ?

Answer 9

Brazil and the Caribbean

Question 10

Background of sugar

Answer 10

~ Arabs introduced it to Mediterranean
~ Europeans transferred it to Atlantic islands & the Americas
~ Portuguese dominated world sugar market 1570-1670
~ British French and Dutch Broke Portuguese monologue

Question 11

How did sugar transform Brazil & the Caribbean?

Answer 11

~ production was labor intensive
~ can be called the first modern industry
~ always produced by massive slave labor
~ Indians in the area were almost completely wiped out or fled
~ planters turned to African slaves (80% enslaved ended up in Brazil and C)
–horrid conditions

Question 12

Much more of Brazilian & Caribbean society was of what decent ?

Answer 12

African

Question 13

Mulattoes

Answer 13

Mixed Portuguese with African heritage

Question 14

Plantation complex based on African slavery spread to southern parts of North America

Answer 14

~ less racial mixing
~ less tolerance for mixed blood
~ sharply defined racial system evolved
~ slavery was less harsh

Question 15

Settler colonies in North America: differenc colonial society emerged in British colonies

Answer 15

~ British got into game late
~ British society changing more rapidly than catholic Spain
~ many British trying to escape elements of European society
~ British settlements more numerous & outnumbered the Spanish
~ small scale farming and didn’t need slaves

Question 16

What broke down feudalism?

Answer 16

The development of parliament

Question 17

North America gradually became dominated and more developed than

Answer 17

South America

Question 18

Making of a Russian empire

Answer 18

~ Small Russian state on Moscow began to emerge
~ began conquering major cities
~ grew into a massive empire over three centuries
~ expanded not Siberia
~ rich agricultural lands, furs, minerals,

Question 19

The Russian empire became what powers?

Answer 19

Asian and European

Question 20

Expansion made Russia a ….

Answer 20

Very militarized state that reinforced autocracy(gov where one person has absolute power)

Question 21

How was the Russian colonization different from the Americas?

Answer 21

~ Russia conquered territories in which they long interacted with before
~ conquered at the same time as Russian developing state
~ Russian empire remained intact until 1991

Question 22

Asian empires

Answer 22

~ regional not global
~ didn’t fundamentally transform homelands
~ creation didn’t involve massive epidemics

Question 23

Making China an empire

Answer 23

~ Qing dynasty launched enormous imperial expansion

Question 24

Who were Qing dynasty Rulers?

Answer 24

Manchu nomads

Question 25

Qing as an Asian empire

Answer 25

~Used local elites to govern
~ Officials often limited Chinese ways
~gov didn’t try to assimilate conquered people
~ little Chinese settlements in conquered areas

Question 26

What did Russian and Chinese rule do to Central Asia?

Answer 26

Improvised it

Question 27

Mughal empire

Answer 27

~ united much of India
~ emperor Akbar attempted serious accommodation of Hindu minority
~ toleration provoked reaction among others

Question 28

European empires in the Americas

Answer 28

~ Europeans controlled most of the Americas by the mid 19thC
~ spaniards took control of the Caribbean and Aztec and Incan empires
~ Portuguese took control of Brazil
~ British, French, & Dutch colonies in N. America