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AP World > Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Flashcards

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AP® World History flashcards
0
Q

Arabian peninsula

A

Fiercely independent clans & tribes

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1
Q

Birth of Islam

A

Unlike most religions/cultures it emerged from a marginal region

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2
Q

Arabia had important east-west trade routes

A

Mecca (became major center), Kaaba (shrine), qurYsh

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3
Q

Arabia was __________ area

A

Sedentary, agricultural

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4
Q

Judaism, Christianity, Zoroastrianism spread among the Arabs

A

Identified Allah w/ Yahweh

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5
Q

Revelations recorded in

A

Quaran

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6
Q

New teachings

A
  1. Monotheistic
  2. Muhammad as “seal of prophets”
  3. Return to old pure religion of Abraham
  4. Need to create new society of social justice -equality & care for others (umma)
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7
Q

Core message summarized in 5 pillars of Islam

A

Prayer 5x a day
Fasting
General giving
Pilgrimage to Mecca

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8
Q

Jihad

A

“Struggle” sometimes called sixth pillar

Greater jihad -personal spiritual striving

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9
Q

The transformation of Arabia

A
  1. Muhammad attracted a small following
  2. Rapid expansion throughout Arabia
      • military success through alliances
      • large scale conversion
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10
Q

Fundamental differences between births of Christianity and Islam

A
  1. Islam didn’t grow up as persecuted minority
  2. Islam did not separate church from state
  3. Muhammad was a religious, political, and military leader
  4. Islam did not have
      • seperate religious organization
      • professional clergy
      • distinction between religious and civil law
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11
Q

Sharia

A

One law for everything

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12
Q

Making of Arab empire

A
  1. Arab grew to include all parts of Rome, byz, Persian, & Indian civs
  2. Arabic culture and language spread widely
  3. Islam as the new 3rd wave civilization
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13
Q

War and conquest of the Arab empire

A
  1. Arabic conquest was a continuation of long term raiding
  2. New Level of political organization
  3. Pit weakened the Persian and byz empires
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14
Q

War and conquest limited the Arab expansion

A
  1. Took one half of Byzantine
  2. Conquered Spain, attacked France
  3. Arabs crushed Chinese army
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15
Q

Reasons for Arabic expansion

A
  1. Economic: capture trade routes & agricultural regions
  2. Ind Arabs sought wealth and social pattern
  3. Communal: conq helped hold the umma together
  4. Religious: brought riotous government to conq.
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16
Q

Jizya

A

Special tax paid by non-Muslims so they could practice their own religion

17
Q

Conversion to Islam:

Initial conversions for many were _____________ conversions

A

Social

No deep spiritual change

18
Q

Conversion:

Islands kingship to Judaism, Christianity, Zoroastrianism ___________

A

Made it attractive

19
Q

State provided incentives for conversion

A
  1. Earliest coverts were slaves and POW
  2. Converts didn’t pay the jizya
  3. Islam favored commerce
  4. Social climbers were helped by conversions
20
Q

There were some resistance to conversions

A

Berbers in Africa, some Spanish, etc

21
Q

Divisions in the Islamic world

A
  1. Central problem: who would serve as a successor to Muhammad
  2. Sunni and Shia split of Islam
22
Q

Caliph

A

Successor to Muhammad

23
Q

Sunni

A
  • caliphs as rightful political & military leaders chosen by Islamic community
24
Q

Shia Muslims

A
  • leaders should be blood relatives of Muhammad
25
Q

Sunni & Shia conflict

A
  • started out as political turned to religious
  • frequently revolted
  • developed idea that defeated leaders
26
Q

Overtime caliphs became

A

Absolute monarchs

& hereditary leaders

27
Q

Islamic law addressed most aspects of

A

Social & religious life

28
Q

Sufis

A

Mystics seeking direct experience w/Divine

29
Q

Women and men in early Islam

A
  • Spiritually women and men were equal but socially women were subordinate especially in marriage
  • played public role in early Islam
30
Q

Quaran helped women in some ways

A

Consent to marriage
Right to own property
Etc

31
Q

growing restrictions of women

A

Under Abbasids

  • veiling and seclusion
  • lower class no luxury of seclusion
32
Q

Hadiths developed more negative images of women

A

.

33
Q

Arab empire disintegrated politically by 10th century

A

Islamic civ flourished and expanded

34
Q

Islam and the case of India

A
  • Turkic speaking invaders brought Islam to India
  • emergence of Muslim communities
  • 20-25% of Indians converted to Islam
  • many Hindus served as Muslim leaders
35
Q

Deep Muslim and Hindu division

A
  • Monotheism vs polytheism

- equality of believers vs caste system

36
Q

Islam and the case of Anatolia

A
  • Turks invaded Anatolia (same time as India)
  • major destruction
  • 90% of pop was Muslim
  • Sufis replaced Christian institutions
  • freer life for women persisted
37
Q

Islam and the case of West Africa

A
  • Islam came peacefully with traders, not conquest
  • Islam spread mostly in urban centers
      • provided links to Muslim trading networks
  • several west African cities became Islamic centers
  • no sig Arab immigration
38
Q

Islam and the case of Spain

A
  • Arab conquered most of Spain
  • Islam didn’t overwhelm Christianity
  • most adopted Arabian culture not religion
  • religious toleration (broke down)
    – Muslim ruled region limitation on Christianity
    -
39
Q

Islam as a new civilization

A
  • Islam civ held together by Islam practice & beliefs
  • system of education
  • Sufism
40
Q

Islamic world immense arena of exchange of goods, technology, and ideas

A
  • valued commerce
  • exchange of agricultural products & practices b/w regions
  • diffusion of technology
  • exchange of ideas
      • Persian beaurocratic practice
      • Ancient Greek texts
    • -

AP World (16 decks)

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