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Reproduction > Perinatal Psychiatry > Flashcards

Perinatal Psychiatry Flashcards

1
Q

How many women who have a child will have a mental illness?

A

1 in 10

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2
Q

What percentage of women will conceive?

A

80%

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3
Q

How many suicides related to pregnancy occur up to 12 weeks postnatally?

A

50%

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4
Q

What 3 questions should be asked at a booking appointment related to mental health?

A

During the last month have you been bothered by feeling down, depressed or hopeless?
During the last month have you been bothered by having little interest or pleasure in doing things?
Is this something you feel you need or want help with?

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5
Q

When should the psychiatry team become involved in antenatal care?

A

Psychosis
Severe anxiety, depression, suicidal, self-neglect, self harm
Symptoms with significant interference with daily functioning
History of bipolar or schizophrenia
History of puerperal psychosis
Psycotropic meds
If developed moderate mental illness in late preg or early postpartum
Mild- mod illness but 1st degree relative with bipolar or puerperal psychosis
Previous in-patient admissions to mental health unit

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6
Q

How soon should psychotherapy referrals be seen?

A

Within 1 month, maximum 3 months

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7
Q

What are the principles of treatment in antenatal psychotherapy?

A

Drugs with low risk to both mother and fetus
Lowest dose monotherapy (avoid depot)
Increase screening of fetus- cardio and growth
Encourage breastfeeding whenever possible

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8
Q

What are the possible effects of benzos in pregnancy?

A

Cleft

Neonatal withdrawal

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9
Q

Do anxiety disorders during pregnancy predict postnatal depression?

A

Yes

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10
Q

What percentage of women are effected by BAD?

A

1%

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11
Q

What percentage of women with BAD are at risk of an episode postnatally without treatment?

A

50%

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12
Q

Is there a risk of suicide in BAD?

A

Yes

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13
Q

What are the odds that a child will be affected by BAD if the mother has it?

A

1 in 7

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14
Q

What effects can valproate have on a child when the mother takes this during pregnancy?

A 
NTD
Cranofacial defects
CV abnormality
IUGR
Reduced IQ
Cleft
Genitourinary anomalies
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15
Q

What effects can carbamazepine have on a child when the mother takes this during pregnancy?

A

Facial dysmorphism
Cardiac anomalies
Fingernail hypoplasia
NTD

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16
Q

What effects can lamotrigine have on a child when the mother takes this during pregnancy?

A

Cleft

SJS if breast fed

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17
Q

If a women continues mood stabilisers whilst pregnancy, what should she take also?

A

5mg folic acid

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18
Q

What deficiency and disease can occur with carbamazepine?

A

Vit K deficiency

Haemorrhagic disease of newborn

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19
Q

Can you breast feed whilst on carbamazepine?

A

Yes- rare SE

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20
Q

What effects can lithium have on a child when the mother takes this during pregnancy?

A 
Cardiac abnormalities
Risk with maternal toxicity
Ebstein's anomaly
Neonatal hypotonia
Hypothyroidism
Hypoglycaemia
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21
Q

Is lithium contraindicated in breastfeeding?

A

Yes

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22
Q

How should lithium be taken in pregnancy?

A

Stopped gradually, may not remove risks to fetus
Keep levels within lower end therapeutic level
Consider elective postpartum lithium

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23
Q

What is the risk of inheritance of schizophrenia?

A

10%

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24
Q

What neonatal complications can the atypical antipsychotics cause?

A

GDM

IUGR

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25
Q

What should babies be observed for when the mother has been on antipsychotics?

A

Lethargy, sedation and appropriate milestones as drugs are sedating and have long t1/2

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26
Q

Why is clozapine contraindicated during breast feeding?

A

It’s liability of inducing potential life-threatening events in the infant

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27
Q

Which antipsychotic is associated with an increased risk of inducing extrapyramidal reactions in the breast-fed babies?

A

Olanzapine

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28
Q

Should anticholinergic drugs be used in pregnancy?

A

No

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29
Q

What is the incidence of eating disorders in pregnancy?

A

Bulimia nervosa 1%
Anorexia 0.2%
Tend to improve in pregnancy

30
Q

What effects can eating disorders cause during pregnancy?

A 
IUGR
Prematurity
Hypokalaemia
Hyponatraemia
Metabolic alkalosis
Miscarriage
Premature delivery
31
Q

How are eating disorders treated during pregnancy?

A

Psychological treatment

32
Q

What rate of depression relapse occurs if medication is stopped during pregnancy?

A

68%

33
Q

How should depression be treated during pregnancy?

A

Psychological for mild/moderate
Pharmacological for moderate/severe
During pregnancy is mild and on Tx, considering referring for psychological Tx

34
Q

What complication can venlafaxine cause?

A

Hypertension

35
Q

What complication can paroxtetine cause?

A

Cardiac abnormalities

36
Q

Why should SSRI’s be used with caution after 20wks gestation?

A

Risk of Pulmonary HT

37
Q

Do all antidepressants carry risk of withdrawal or toxicity in neonates?

A

Yes

38
Q

What antidepressants are found at high levels in breast milk?

A

Citalopram

Fluoxetine

39
Q

What SSRI is okay in breastfeeding?

A

Sertraline

40
Q

What TCA’s are okay in pregnancy and breastfeeding?

A

Amitriptyline

Nortriptyline

41
Q

What is the incidence of postnatal depression?

A

10%

42
Q

What are some symptoms of postnatal depression?

A 
Tearfulness
Irritable
Anxiety
Lack of enjoyment
Poor sleep
Wt loss
Concerns re baby
43
Q

When does PND commence and for how long?

A

2-6 weeks postnatally

Lasts weeks to months- 1/3 lasts >=1y

44
Q

How is PND treated?

A

Mild-moderate: self help, counselling

Mod-severe: psychotherapy and antidepressants, admission

45
Q

How often does PND reoccur?

A

25%

46
Q

What risk of depression does PND have?

A

70%

47
Q

What is the incidence of baby blues?

A

50%

48
Q

What are the symptoms of baby blues?

A 
Tearful
Irritable
Anxiety
Poor sleep
Confusion
49
Q

When is the onset of baby blues and how long does it last?

A

Day 3-10

Self limiting

50
Q

How is baby blues treated?

A

Support and reassurance

51
Q

What is included in the DDx of puerperal psychosis?

A

Episode of bipolar
Unipolar depression
Schizophrenia
Organic brain dysfunction (2’ to physical illness)

52
Q

When does puerperal psychosis usually present?

A

Within 2 weeks of delivery

53
Q

What are the symptoms of puerperal psychosis?

A 
Early: sleep disturbance, confusion, irrational ideas
Mania
Delusions
Hallucinations
Confusion
54
Q

What is the incidence of puerperal psychosis?

A

0.1%

55
Q

What is the suicide and infanticide risk of puerperal psychosis?

A

5% and 4% respectively

56
Q

What are the RFs for puerperal psychosis?

A

Bipolar (50%)
Previous puerperal psychosis
1st degree relative with Hx

57
Q

How should puerperal psychosis be managed?

A

Emergency
Admission to specialised mother-baby unit
Antidepressants, antipsychotics, mood stabilisers and ECT

58
Q

What is the 10y recurrence of puerperal psychosis?

A

80%

59
Q

What percentage of women with puerperal psychosis go on to develop bipolar?

A

25%

60
Q

What aspects of mental illness are associated with substance abuse in pregnancy?

A

Personality
Depression
Anxiety x 3

61
Q

What is substance abuse in pregnancy associated with?

A 
Nutritional deficiency
HIV, Hep C, Hep B
VTE
STIs
Endocarditis/sepsis
Poor venous access
Opiate tolerance/withdrawal
Drug OD/death
Risk of domestic abuse and suicide
IUGT, Stillbirth, SIDs, PTD
62
Q

What are the alcohol intake recommendations during pregnancy?

A

Abstinence- but no evidence that 2units/week detrimental

63
Q

What can alcoholism during pregnancy cause?

A

Risk of miscarriage

FAS- facial deformities, lower IQ, neurodevelopmental delay, epilepsy, hearing, heart and kidney defects

64
Q

What can alcoholism lead to in pregnant women?

A

Withdrawal
Risk of Wernicke’s encephalopathy- 20% mortality (B1 deficiency)
Korsakoff Syndrome- permanent

65
Q

What teratogenic effects can drugs cause during pregnancy?

A

Microcephaly
Cardiac defects
Genitourinary defects
Limb defects

66
Q

What gestational issues can drugs cause?

A

PET
Abruption
Miscarriage
PTL

67
Q

What neonatal issues can drugs cause?

A

IUGR
Developmental delay
SIDS
Withdrawal

68
Q

What can opiates cause in pregnancy?

A 
Maternal deaths 1-2%
Neonatal withdrawal
IUGR
SIDS
Stillbirth
69
Q

What can nicotine cause in pregnancy?

A 
Miscarriage
Abruption
IUGR
Stillbirth
SIDS
70
Q

What antenatal care should be carried out in pregnant women with substance abuse?

A

Consider methadone programme
Child protection and social work referral
Smear Hx
Breastfeeding (not if alcohol>8 , HIV, cocaine)
Labour plan re analgesia and labour ward delivery
Early IV access
Postnatal contraception plan

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