Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Reproduction > Genetics > Flashcards

Genetics Flashcards

1
Q

What do you need to do a DNA or chromosome test on a baby in utero?

A

Tissue with the same genetic make up

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are some examples of foetal testing?

A

Placenta- chorionic villus biopsy
Skin/Urine cells- amniocentesis
Blood- foetal blood sampling
Foetal DNA from maternal serum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

When can CVS be carried out?

A

11.5 weeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

When can amniocentesis be carried out?

A

15 weeks +

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the miscarriage risk of CVS?

A

1-2%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the miscarriage risk of amniocentesis?

A

0.5-1%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the miscarriage risk of foetal blood sampling?

A

1-2%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the miscarriage risk of foetal DNA from maternal blood?

A

None

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

When can foetal DNA from maternal blood be tested?

A

8 weeks +

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

When can foetal blood sampling be carried out?

A

18 weeks +

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What viability of tissue is needed in CVS?

A

Good

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What viability of tissue is needed in amniocentesis?

A

Poor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What viability of tissue is needed in foetal blood sampling?

A

Good

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What viability of tissue is needed in foetal DNA from maternal blood testing?

A

Stable mother

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What risks are there in CVS?

A

Miscarriage

Confined placental mosaicism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What limits are there in foetal DNA from maternal blood testing?

A

Limited analyses available

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What whole genome analyses are available?

A

Standard karyotype- in metaphase
Array CGH (chromosomes)
Quantification of foetal DNA in maternal serum
Whole genome sequencing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What targeted analyses are available?

A

Point mutation testing
FISH
Quantitative Fluorescent PCR

19
Q

What are copy number variations?

A

Insertions or deletions of DNA segments

20
Q

How can you tell if a change is a copy number variation or mutation?

A

Mutation will be de-novo, polymorphism will be present in normal parent
Mutation will be bigger, affect known gene, and previously reported in same phenotype

21
Q

When is FISH used?

A

When missing chromosome is too small to see

22
Q

What is QF PCR used for?

A

Rapid counting of specific chromosomes- allows a dosage analysis of polymorphic repeat sequences at several loci on target chromosomes

23
Q

When is aCGH or chromosome analysis used?

A

High risk of chromosomal trisomy on screening
Fetal abnormality on scanning-small size, especially if symmetrical growth failure, increased nuchal thickness, structural malformation e.g. brain, heart
Parent has balanced chromosomal rearrangement

24
Q

When is serum screening carried out?

A

Week 16- look for biochemical markers of Down’s

25
Q

When is a detailed scan to look for other fetal abnormalities carried out?

A

20 weeks

26
Q

When may increased nuchal thickness be seen?

A

Dating USS at 12 weeks

27
Q

What can be assessed through free fetal DNA in maternal circulation?

A

Sex determination
Trisomy testing
Chromosome deletions
Single gene

28
Q

Why is free fetal DNA in maternal circulation a challenging test?

A

Only 10% of DNA comes from fetus

29
Q

If a pregnant women who has 1 son with DMD, what test should be carried out?

A

NIPT through free fetal DNA to look for Y chromosome, if found do CVS

30
Q

A pregnant women of 18 weeks has a detailed scan showing an AVSD, a common defect in Down’s, what testing should be done and why?

A

Amniocentesis/aCGH
18 weeks
Cardiac defect may have other causes
aCGH will detect small deletions such as 22q11

31
Q

From initial 18 week scan and detection of AVSD on USS, when should amnio and aCGH be performed and results confirmed by?

A

+1-2 days: amniocentesis

+6 days: aCGH confirms result

32
Q

What is a Robertsonian translocation?

A

Two acrocentric chromosomes stuck end to end (increased risk of trisomy)

33
Q

What is aneuploidy?

A

Too many or too few chromosomes

34
Q

What would aCGH look like in the parent with a balanced translocation ?

A

Normal- aCGH only detects imbalance

35
Q

What reproductive risks are there in reciprocal translocations?

A

For most translocations, ~50% will have either normal chromosomes or balanced translocation
Unbalanced:
Miscarriage (large segments)
Dysmorphic delayed child (small segments)

36
Q

A 10wks pregnant woman comes to see you, she has a balanced reciprocal translocation between Ch4 and Ch9, known to have a high risk of multiple malformations in a liveborn child, how do you manage?

A

CVB at 11.5 weeks
Direct Karyotype or Fish may be available at 11.5+3 days
At 13 weeks full karyotype complete

37
Q

What is aCGH used for?

A

Chromosome deletions/duplications (analysis for balanced rearrangements)

38
Q

What needs to be known to use FISH or DNA analysis?

A

Diagnosis

39
Q

When can specific anomalies be detected?

A

Cardiac 12-20wks
Microcephaly after 22wks
Short Limbs after 22wks
Brain malformations

40
Q

What is the best management to test for suspected DMD?

A

CVB

41
Q

How can free fetal DNA in maternal serum help in diagnosing DMD?

A

At 8 weeks sexing on DNA, if boy proceed to invasive testing, if girl no concerns

42
Q

What is Pre Implantation Genetic Diagnosis (PGD)?

A

Perform a genetic test on an embryo before re-implanting one with the ‘correct’ genotype

43
Q

What is the process involved in PGD?

A 
Down regulation
Ovarian stimulation- FSH
USS-follicular assessment
Oocyte retrieval
Fertilisation by ICSI
Embryo biopsy day 3
44
Q

When may PGD be considered?

A 
Parental chromosome abnormality 
Robertsonian translocation
Reciprocal translocation
X-linked disorders
Re-implantation of female embryos
Other single gene disorders
Increasing numbers of conditions
Spinal Muscular Atrophy
Cystic fibrosis
Huntingtons disease

Reproduction (40 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions