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Human Development 2 > Perinatal, neonatal, infant and Childhood mortality > Flashcards

Perinatal, neonatal, infant and Childhood mortality Flashcards

1
Q

define miscarriage

A

pregnancy loss less than 24 weeks

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2
Q

define still birth

A

baby born greater than 24/40 weeks showing no signs of life

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3
Q

define neonatal death

A

aby born alive but dies within the first 28 days of life

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4
Q

what are the two types of neonatal death and the weeks defining them

A

Early neonatal death 0-7 completed days

Late neonatal death 7-28 days

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5
Q

define infant foetal death

A

– all deaths in the first year of life

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6
Q

what is post neonatal infant death

A

deaths 28 days to 1 year

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7
Q

what are child deaths

A
  • Deaths under 5 year (UN)

- Between 1 and 15 years (office on national stasticis)

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8
Q

What has seen an decrease in still birth, perinatal and early neonatal mortality

A
  • improvements of obstetric care and neonatal care
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9
Q

what are useful markers of population health

A

o Maternal well-being during pregnancy

o Conditions in which babies are born.

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10
Q

What are useful markers of healthcare effectiveness

A

o Maternity services
o Neonatal Care
o Primary and secondary care
o Public health and social care

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11
Q

What is the difference in decrease between neonatal mortality and post neonatal mortality

A

Neonatal mortality has decreased relatively steadily,

Post neonatal mortality has decreased rapidly in the first half of the 20th century (due to decline in fatality from communicable diseases).

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12
Q

what factors that explain the International differences in child death

A
  • Maternal health
  • Nutrition both to the mother and child
  • Access to healthcare services
  • Income
  • Family size – already a bigger family often there will be higher rates of under 5 morality
  • Birthweight
  • Prematurity
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13
Q

What does antepartum mean

A

occurring shortly before childbirth

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14
Q

what does intrapartum mean

A
  • during the act of birth
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15
Q

What are the causes of stillbirth death

A
  1. Remaining antepartum deaths (unexplained) = 51.4%
  2. Asphyxia, anoxia or trauma (antepartum) = 22.5%
  3. Congenital anomalies (4.5%)
  4. Other specific conditions (5.8%) and other conditions (2.5%).
  5. Asphyxia, anoxia or trauma (intrapartum) (2.3%).
  6. Antepartum infections (0.8%).
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16
Q

What is the dentition of perinatal

A

relating to the time, usually a number of weeks, immediately before and after birth.

17
Q

What are the causes of perinatal mortality

A
  1. Immaturity related conditions (58.5%) - (surfactant deficiency, periventricular haemorrhage, necrotising enterocolitis, infection)
  2. Congenital anomalies (26.1%)(congenital heart disease, chromosomal, neural tube, diaphragmatic hernia)
  3. Asphyxia, anoxia or trauma (10.2%)
  4. Antepartum infections (1.9%)
  5. Infections (0.9%). (congenital, intrapartum and acquired)
18
Q

What are the causes of neonatal mortality

A
  1. Immaturity related conditions (55%)
  2. Congenital anomalies (28.8%)
  3. Asphyxia, anoxia or trauma (9.1%)
  4. Antepartum infection (2.3%)
  5. Infections (1.3%)
  6. Sudden infant deaths (0.8%)
19
Q

What are the causes of post-neonatal mortality

A
  1. Congenital anomalies (28.9%)
  2. Other conditions (21.9%)
  3. Immaturity related conditions (15.0%).
  4. Sudden infant deaths (13.7%)
  5. Infections (11.9%)
  6. External conditions (3.1%)
  7. Other specific conditions (3.0%)
  8. Asphyxia, anoxia or trauma (2.0%)
  9. Antepartum infections (0.3%).
20
Q

What are the causes of child morality

A
  1. Neoplasms/cancers (21%)
  2. Diseases of the Nervous System (14.2%)
  3. External causes of morbidity and mortality (14.2%)
  4. Diseases of the respiratory system (11.1%).
  5. Congenital malformation, deformation and chromosomal abnormalities (9.6%).
21
Q

overall what are the 4 main causes of death for children under 5 years

A
  1. Preterm birth complications
  2. Pneumonia.
  3. Intrapartum related events.
  4. Diarrhea.
22
Q

What is the major association with perinatal deaths

A
  • rates of perinatal death are higher in babies that are born small = Just over half of all infant deaths of babies were born under 32 weeks.
  • social class can also influence events as well as jobs
  • maternal ethnicity - children born to mothers in India, Pakistan and Bangladesh origin have a higher rate of death
  • Maternal parity - lowest morality rates is during the 2nd pregnancy when there are more than 3 pregnancies then they have a higher rate of still births and neonatal deaths
23
Q

What are the modifiable factors that can contribute to death

A

= Maternal health, access to maternity care and uteroplacental function all link to still brith outcome

= uteroplacental function, perinatal function, neonatal recussiation and effective neonatal care can prevent early neonatal death

= effective neonatal care and postnatal infection can prevent late neonatal death

= postnatal infection and SIDS can lead to post-neonatal infant death

24
Q

name health services that can prevent early death

A
  • detecting placental dysfunction
  • antenatal diagnosis
  • good intrapartum care
  • effective treatment of neonatal conditions
    = surfactant for RDS
    = antibiotics for GBS
    = thermal care - prematurity
  • breast-feeding
  • immunisation
25
Q

name things that the pubic health and the government can do to reduce early death

A
  • maternal education
  • reducing teenage pregnancy
  • reduce maternal smoking
  • promote breast-feeding
  • safe sleeping position
  • reduce child poverty
  • improve housing
26
Q

How do you reduce chance of pneumonia

A
  • Breastfeeding promotion

* Hemophilus influenzae type b and pneumococcal vaccines

27
Q

how do you reduce chance of diarrhoea

A
  • Improved water and sanitation
  • Rotavirus vaccine
  • Zinc supplementation
  • Oral rehydration solution
  • Community case management
28
Q

How do you reduce chance of malaria

A
  • Insecticide treated bed, nets
  • Intermittent preventive treatment in pregnancy
  • Artemisinin based combination therapy
29
Q

How do you reduce chance of neonatal death

A

Improved labour and delivery management

30
Q

How do you improve preterm birth outcomes

A
  • Antenatal steroids

* Kangaroo care

31
Q

How do you reduce intrapartum deaths

A
  • Neonatal resuscitation

* Comprehensive emergency obstetric care

32
Q

What is SUDI

A

Sudden unexpected death in infancy

33
Q

What has caused a drop in SUDI

A

= back to sleep campaign

- make sure that babies sleep on their back and not on their front in the first few months of life

Human Development 2 (34 decks)

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