Pericardium and Heart

Question 1

is a fibrous sac surrounding the heart and roots of the great vessels.

Answer 1

The pericardium

Question 2

outer layer of dense connective tissue that fuses superiorly with the tunica adventitia of SVC, ascending aorta, and pulmonary arteries; It is fused inferiorly with the central tendon of the diaphragm

Answer 2

The fibrous pericardium

Question 3

Also reinforced by 2 sternopericardial ligaments anteriorly and posteriorly by loose CT attaches the pericardium to the tracheal bifurcation and main bronchi

Answer 3

fibrous pericardium

Question 4

attachments of the ______ keep the heart in position and limit cardiac distension; prevents overfilling; inelastic

Answer 4

fibrous pericardium

Question 5

Where the pleural sacs deviate, the pericardium contacts the posterior surface of the _______ and _______

Answer 5

sternum and 4th and 5th left intercostal spaces

Question 6

Laterally, the mediastinal pleura drapes over the surface of the pericardium with the _______ and ________ sandwiched between pleura and pericardium

Answer 6

phrenic nerve and pericardiacophrenic artery and vein

Question 7

Posteriorly, pericardium contacts the _______ , ________, and _______

Answer 7

esophagus, descending thoracic aorta, and main bronchi

Question 8

The inner serous part of the pericardium is in the form of an enclosed sac with a potential space between the parietal and visceral layers called the

Answer 8

pericardial cavity

Question 9

T/F: The pericardial cavity contains a thin film of fluid that enables the heart to move and beat in a relatively frictionless environment

Answer 9

True

Question 10

The ______ of the serous pericardium is closely adherent to the fibrous pericardium.

Answer 10

parietal layer

Question 11

The visceral layer of the serous pericardium is more loosely bound to the heart and is also called the

Answer 11

epicardium

Question 12

The heart is completely invested in epicardium except the posterior, irregular area between the ______ and ______ where myocardium contacts fibrous pericardium

Answer 12

venae cavae and pulmonary vv.

Question 13

a recess, a blind sac behind posterior side of the heart

Answer 13

oblique sinus

Question 14

as heart folds in embryonic development, the venous end moves _____ and ______

Answer 14

posterior and up

Question 15

venous end of heart and arterial end are separated by the

Answer 15

transverse sinus

Question 16

Blood supply to the pericardium is via the

Answer 16

pericardiacophrenic arteries, musculophrenic arteries, branches of the thoracic aorta (bronchial, esophageal, and superior phrenic) and coronary arteries (to visceral layer only).

Question 17

Venous drainage of the pericardium is via

Answer 17

pericardiacophrenic vv, internal thoracic vv., and tributaries of the azygos system

Question 18

Somatic sensory innervation to the fibrous and parietal layers of pericardium is via the

Answer 18

phrenic nerves

Question 19

Visceral sensory to the epicardium is via the

Answer 19

cardiac plexuses

Question 20

T/F: The epicardium is sensitive to pain

Answer 20

False

Question 21

inflammation, usually causes chest pain. occurs when the irritated layers of the pericardium rub against each other.

Answer 21

Pericarditis

Question 22

is the presence of an abnormal amount of fluid and/or an abnormal character to fluid in the pericardial space. It can be caused by a variety of local and systemic disorders, or it may be idiopathic

Answer 22

Pericardial Effusion

Question 23

buildup of blood or other fluid in pericardial sac that puts pressure on the heart which may prevent it from pumping effectively

Answer 23

cardiac tamponade

Question 24

Right atrium is just inferior to

Answer 24

SVC

Question 25

_____ is the smooth thin-walled posterior part of right atrium that receives deoxygenated blood from the ___________

Answer 25

sinus venarum; venae cavae and coronary sinus

Question 26

the part of the right atrium with pectinate muscles is divided from the sinus venarum by the

Answer 26

crista terminalis

Question 27

divides the right atrium from the left atrium

Answer 27

interatrial septum

Question 28

is a remnant of the fetal foramen ovale and valve.

Answer 28

fossa ovalis

Question 29

allows O2 blood to be shunted to the right atrium and resulting in an overloading of the pulmonary system; Subsequently, the right atrium, right ventricle and pulmonary trunk will become enlarged

Answer 29

patent foramen ovale

Question 30

right ventricle receives blood from the right atrium through the right atrioventricular orifice; Guarded by the ____ valve

Answer 30

tricuspid

Question 31

irregular muscular elevations on the internal surface of the right ventricle are the

Answer 31

trabeculae carneae

Question 32

is a cone-shaped pouch that leads into the pulmonary trunk

Answer 32

conus arteriosus

Question 33

is a semilunar valve guarding the pulmonary trunk

Answer 33

pulmonary valve

Question 34

Blood flowing through the right ventricle from right AV valve to pulmonary valve follows a _____ path, changing direction about _____

Answer 34

U-shaped; 140°

Question 35

3 cusps of tricuspid valve

Answer 35

anterior, posterior, and septal

Question 36

3 papillary muscles of tricuspid valve

Answer 36

anterior, posterior, and septal

Question 37

septomarginal trabeculum carries the right branch of the AV bundle to it)

Answer 37

Anterior papillary muscle

Question 38

prevent backflow into the atria during ventricular contraction.

Answer 38

the atrioventricular valves

Question 39

prevent the cusps from prolapsing into the atria

Answer 39

Papillary muscles and chordae tendineae

Question 40

in ventricular diastole, the AV valves are ____ and the semilunar valves are ______

Answer 40

open; closed

Question 41

in ventricular systole, the AV valves are ____ and the semilunar valves are ______

Answer 41

closed; open

Question 42

The left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the lungs via

Answer 42

four pulmonary veins

Question 43

The left ventricle receives blood from the left atrium through the left atrioventricular orifice Guarded by the ____ valve.

Answer 43

mitral

Question 44

T/F: The trabeculae carneae are finer and more numerous in the right atrium than the left atrium

Answer 44

False

Question 45

The wall is of the left ventricle is ____ times as thick as right ventricle

Answer 45

2x

Question 46

part that leads into the aorta is smooth-walled and called the

Answer 46

aortic vestibule

Question 47

is a semilunar valve guarding the ascending aorta.

Answer 47

aortic valve

Question 48

Blood flowing through the left ventricle takes two right turns (around the anterior cusp) resulting in a

Answer 48

180°change in direction

Question 49

Opening between L & R ventricles, associated shunting of blood; most occur in muscular portion; membranous defects are often fixed surgically

Answer 49

ventricular septal defects (VSDs)

Question 50

2 mitral valve cusps of mitral valve

Answer 50

anterior and posterior

Question 51

2 papillary muscles of mitral valve

Answer 51

anterior and posterior

Question 52

most commonly diseased of the heart valves; more common in women; can erode endothelial surfaces of valve and predispose patient to endocardial infections; these occur when transient bacteremias seed abnormal endothelial surfaces

Answer 52

mitral valve

Question 53

pulmonary and aortic valves are ______ and are not associated w papillary muscles or chordae tendineae

Answer 53

tricuspid semilunar valves

Question 54

each semilunar valve cusp has a fibrous ______ at the midpoint of its free edge

Answer 54

nodule

Question 55

each semilunar valve cusp has a thin connective tissue area on either side of the nodule called the

Answer 55

lunule

Question 56

coronary arteries arise from the

Answer 56

aortic sinuses

Question 57

____ fill as the aortic sinuses fill following ventricular contraction

Answer 57

coronary arteries

Question 58

semilunar valve Cusps are named based on their

Answer 58

embryological origin, not their final position

Question 59

Pulmonary valve cusps

Answer 59

anterior, left and right

Question 60

aortic valve cusps

Answer 60

posterior, left and right