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Cardiology (SA) > Pericardial disease > Flashcards

Pericardial disease Flashcards

1
Q

How does the outer layer of the pericardium differ from the inner layer?

A

Outer - fibrous

Inner - serous

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2
Q

How much pericardial fluid is normal?

A

0.25m/kg

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3
Q

Give examples of pericardial effusion causes in dogs

A

Idiopathic - good prognosis, may never recur
Neoplasia - poor prognosis, likely to recur
(NOT CHF)

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4
Q

Give examples of pericardial effusion causes in cats

A 
R-CHF
FIP 
Infectious
Lymphoma
Mesothelioma, rhabdomyosarcoma
Coagulation 
Uraemia
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5
Q

Idiopathic pericardial effusion is a diagnosis of exclusion. What breeds are predisposed?

A

St Bernard
Golden Retriever
Labrador

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6
Q

What is the treatment for a recurring, idiopathic pericardial effusion?

A

Pericardectomy

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7
Q

What breeds are predisposed to haemangiosarcomas?

A

Golden Retriever
German Shepherd
Irish Red Setters

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8
Q

Haemangiosarcomas are usually found in which organs?

A

Spleen
Liver
Right atrium

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9
Q

What is the treatment for haemangiosarcomas of the pericardium?

A

Palliative - pericardiocentesis

Chemotherapy +/- surgery (pericardectomy)

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10
Q

What is a chemodectoma?

A

BENIGN tumour of chemoreceptors on aortic body

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11
Q

Which breeds are predisposed to a chemodectoma?

A

Brachycephalics - due to chronic hypoxia?

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12
Q

Do chemodectomas require treatment? If so, what?

A

Benign but highly invasive

Tx: palliative pericardectomy

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13
Q

What is cardiac tamponade? What type of heart failure does it cause?

A

Pericardial effusion causes pressure on heart chambers

Results in R-CHF

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14
Q

What are the chronic clinical signs of pericardial effusion in dogs?

A

R-CHF: ascites, hepatojugular reflex, jugular distension, tachycardia
Weak femoral pulses, pulsus paradoxus
Muffled heart sounds

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15
Q

What are the acute clinical signs of a pericardial effusion in dogs?

A 
Weak, collapsed
Tachycardia
Pale mms, shock
\+/- arrhythmia
Weak pulses (signs of forwards heart failure)
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16
Q

What drug cannot be used in dogs with a pericardial effusion, but can be used with cats?

A

Furosemide

Do NOT use in dogs with pericardial effusion - PE not due to CHF

17
Q

What is the emergency treatment for pericardial effusions in dogs?

A

Pericardiocentesis

IV fluid therapy if haemodynamically unstable

18
Q

What is the emergency treatment for pericardial effusion in cats?

A

Pericardiocentesis

Then furosemide

19
Q

Can you use diuretics before, during or after pericardiocentesis?

A

NO - even after pericardiocentesis

Natural diuresis due to natriuretic peptide release

20
Q

What haematological parameter should you always check before performing pericardiocentesis?

A

Check PCV

21
Q

What sedative drugs are best to use to perform pericardiocentesis?

A

Opioids

butorphanol +/- midazolam if in CHF

22
Q

Which intercostal space should you use for pericardiocentesis?

A

5-6

7-8 for pleural effusion

23
Q

What local and what size catheter should be used for pericardiocentesis?

A

2% lidocaine for skin and plura

14G catheter

24
Q

If an animal has recurrence or no marked improvement following pericardiocentesis, what is your most likely differential?

A

Neoplasia

25
Q

What should you do if you are performing pericardiocentesis and the pericardial effusion PCV is the same as the blood?

A

STOP
Animal is haemorrhaging and you are draining blood
PCV should be different (either way) of blood

26
Q

What is constrictive pericarditis?

A

Thickened and fibrotic pericardium

27
Q

What can cause constrictive pericarditis?

A

Idiopathic
R-CHF
Secondary to recurrent pleural effusion

28
Q

Name 1 dog breed and 1 cat breed predisposed to peritoneopericardial diaphragmatic hernia (PPDH)

A

Weimaraner

Persian

29
Q

Peritoneopericardial diaphragmatic hernia PPDH is often an incidental finding but may be seen with what other abnormalities?

A

Sternal abnormalities
Abdominal hernias
Congenital heart disease

30
Q

Advanced MDVD can cause left atrial rupture. What is the treatment and prognosis?

A

Pericardiocentesis, blood transfusion and thoracotomy

Guarded prognosis

31
Q

Infectious pericarditis can be due to foreign bodies, wound penetration or infectious agents. Name an infectious agent of cats that may cause pericarditis

A

FIP

32
Q

How can infectious pericarditis be treated?

A

Aggressive antibiotic therapy - culture

+/- exploratory thoracotomy and pericardectomy

Cardiology (SA) (13 decks)

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