Congenital heart disease Flashcards
The following congenital heart diseases cause hypertrophy of which side of the heart: tricuspid dysplasia, atrial septal defect, pulmonic stenosis?
R sided hypertrophy
The following congenital heart diseases cause hypertrophy of which side of the heart: mitral dysplasia, patent dutus arteriosus, subaortic stenosis?
L sided hypertrophy
Tricuspid dysplasia can lead to which sided heart failure?
R sided backwards (congestive) heartfailure
What 4 conditions are involved in the tetralogy of fallot?
Pulmonic stenosis
Ventricular septal defect
Dextraposed aorta
Right ventricular hypertrophy
What breeds are pre-disposed to pulmonic stenosis?
Brachycephalic breeds -Boxers, English bulldog Cockers CKCS Terriers Beagles
Pulmonic stenosis causes what kind of murmur?
Left sided systolic murmur
What type of hypertrophy does pulmonic stenosis cause?
R sided, concentric hypertrophy
How is pulmonic stenosis graded?
Based on RV pressure
Mild <50mmHg
Moderate 50-80mmHg
Severe >80mmHg
How is pulmonic stenosis treated?
Atenolol - to reduce arrhythmias, syncope and risk of sudden death
Cardiac catheterisation - balloon valvuloplasty
Or other surgical dilation
Ventricular septal defect is common in which dog breeds?
Cocker
WHWT
Beagle
(More common in cats!)
How does heart murmur grade of a ventricular septal defect correlate with disease severity?
Inverse correlation
Small defect - high grade murmur
Large defect - low grade murmur
What type of heart murmur is heard with a ventricular septal defect?
Systolic heart murmur, PMI on R side
What dog breeds are over-represented for mitral valve dysplasia?
Great Dane Bull Retrievers Golden Retrievers Mastiffs (Mitral dysplasia - large breeds, mitral regurgitation - small breeds)
All cat breeds can get mitral valve dysplasia, but which breed in particular is most affected?
Siamese
Give examples of conditions that are included in mitral valve dysplasia
Annular enlargement Short thick leaflets Short, long or thin chordae tendinae Malposition of papillary muscles etc (Majority of cases have some evidence of mitral regurgitation)
What dogs (sex and breed) are predisposed to a patent ductus arteriosus?
FEMALES
Bichon Fries, Poodle, Maltese Pomeranian, Corgi
German Shepherd, Labrador, Shetland sheepdog
How can a patent ductus arteriosus be treated?
Surgery - thoracotomy, ligation of ductus
Ampltaz canine duct occlude - expanding wire mesh catheter placed via femoral artery
Subaortic stenosis is one of the most common cardiac deformities in a dog. Which breeds are pre-disposed?
NEWFOUNDLANDS Boxer Golden Retriever Rotweiler Bull terriers
How is subaortic stenosis graded?
Same as pulmonic stenosis:
Mild = pressure gradient <50mmHg
Moderate = 50-80mmHg
Severe = >80mmHg
How are dogs with mild or moderate subaortic stenosis treated?
No treatment required
Only treat if severely affected
How are dogs with severe subaortic stenosis treated?
Transcatheter boon dilation (only short-term benefit)
Treating of CHF but AVOID positive inotropes or arteriodilators in fixed obstruction (pimobendan)
Name 2 congenital cardiac conditions that do NOT cause a murmur
Persistent right aortic arch
Pericardio-peritoneal diaphragmatic hernia
How is a persistent right aortic arch treated?
Surgical ligation of ligamentum arteriosum
Name one cat breed and one dog breed prediposed to a pericardio-peritoneal diaphragmatic hernia
Maine Coon
Weimaraner
A PDA causes a continuous heart murmur. How does it affect the pulse quality?
Bounding pulses
‘Water hammer’
Mitral dysplasia, aortic stenosis and pulmonic stenosis all cause a left sided systolic murmur. How do they differ in terms of effect on pulse quality?
Aortic stenosis - weak pulse
Mitral dysplasia and pulmonic stenosis - normal pulse
How does a large ventricular septal defect affect pulse quality?
Bounding pulse
