PERFORM.ASSESS.&EVAL. EXAM Flashcards
Which of the following is directly associated with short-distance linear speed?
a. Muscular strength
b. Cardiorespiratory fitness
c. Muscular power
d. Anaerobic endurance
MUSCULAR POWER
C - Power is the rate of performing work (force x distance), greater muscular power can result in higher-velocity muscular contractions and movement speed. Strength is associated with an ability to produce maximal force, but not necessarily rapid force. It is often incorrectly believed that high strength = power, but in fact a person can be relatively weaker than another but more powerful.
Which of the following identifies the primary metabolic role of developing aerobic efficiency for improved anaerobic sport performance?
a. High mitochondrial density improves ATP production during sprints
b. Oxygen enhances anaerobic byproduct metabolism
c. Steady-state efficiency increases the athlete’s lactate threshold
d. Lipid oxidation spares liver glycogen and slows the rate of fatigue
B - Aerobic efficiency can improve performance during anaerobic sports via improved anaerobic byproduct metabolism and consequent buffering. Anaerobic sport athletes with adequate aerobic efficiency can more effectively flush out hydrogen ions and related glycolytic byproducts from working tissues which reduces metabolic stress. Excessive buildup of hydrogen ions and lactate (systemic and working muscles) will eventually force the athlete to slow down or stop due to tissue acidity and enzyme inhibition. Those with a higher level of aerobic fitness can train harder due to reduced rest periods, and will have delayed signs of fatigue during competitive events.
Traditional resistance training has limited contribution to developing specific athletic skills because:
a. The activities are not ground based
b. The environment is consistent and predictable
c. Resistance changes how body segments move
d. Resistance training does not use the same energy pathways as competition
B - Traditional resistance training does have the same value in developing specific physical characteristics that reflect the demands of a sport compared to athletic specific training as it does not greatly contribute to the development of on-field, athletic skill proficiency. This suggests being good at weight lifting or being strong does not correlate to athletic skill. Weightlifting is performed in a consistent and predictable environment, while most sporting events present constantly changing environments. Athletic skills are best developed using various modes of sport-specific training, loading sport actions, and engaging in game rehearsal drills. An athlete may be able to bench press and back squat significant loads – but never play in competitions as they lack key skills on the field.
Based on her scores, which component of fitness should be addressed first in a program for a 20-year old, 140 lb. female tennis player?
a. Anaerobic endurance - 10 push-ups
b. Muscular strength - 165 lb. squat
c. Flexibility - tight internal rotators and hip flexors
d. Body composition - 22% body fat
C-
Of the selections provided, the flexibility test results show the greatest potential for performance limitations and risk for injury and should therefore be given priority in the program. Tightness in the internal rotators can lead to postural distortions such as upper-cross syndrome as well as overall shoulder complex inefficiency (which is key among tennis players). Tightness in the hip flexors may limit her multidirectional mobility, glute activation, and consequently, ability to effective to return the ball.
During a sport analysis, which of the following is used to determine the metabolic conditioning requirements within a training program?
a. The total quantity of directional changes during competition
b. Anthropometric measurements required for success
c. The requisite sport intelligence to fulfill a positional role
d. Work:rest ratios experienced during a game
D - Of the selections provided, only work:rest ratios contribute to the metabolic conditioning requirements for a given sport. Sport intelligence, change of direction efficiency, or anthropometric measurements such as wingspan will not convey the training requirements of the sport. Metabolic conditioning must reflect critical factors such as the frequency of high-intensity actions as well as the duration of intermittent recovery periods experienced during competition. Other metabolic-related factors to consider would be the average intensity of actions performed, total ground coverage, VO2, and average heart rate values.
- In anaerobic sports, which energy system is predominant during actions that determine game outcomes?
a. Phosphagen
b. Glycolytic
c. Aerobic metabolism
d. All systems are equal contributors
A - Phosphagen-driven actions most often determine game outcomes during anaerobic sports such as football, baseball or soccer. These are often the high-velocity, high-intensity, short-duration actions which allow a player to score or prevent a score during competition. Football example: performing a maximal vertical jump for an interception and sprinting back for a touchdown. Soccer example: receiving a pass from a midfielder off a jump and sprinting toward the goal to score. Baseball example: performing a 20-m maximal speed sprint and dive to catch an off-hit ball across the outfield.
Which of the following assessments provide the lowest predictive value to sports performance among basketball players?
a. Vertical jump
b. Lane agility test
c. Three-quarter court sprint
d. 1RM bench press
D - Even though the bench press is a popular exercise among athletes and fitness enthusiasts alike, it does not provide the level of useful data obtained from the other three sport-specific tests. A basketball player’s ability to move up and down the court as well as jump is much more important than their ability to press weight while lying on their back.
Which musculoskeletal imbalance-related issue is the most common among tennis players?
a. Lower-cross syndrome
b. Stingers
c. Patellofemoral pain
d. Shoulder complex inefficiency
D - As with any overhead sport, shoulder complex issues are a common musculoskeletal issue, particularly among tennis players. Stingers are associated with high-velocity contact as seen in American football, while lower-cross syndrome and patellofemoral pain are often caused by factors not directly related to tennis competition or movement patterns. Due to the constant and varying types of racquet swings and overhead serving actions performed during training and play, the shoulder complex is placed at a much greater risk for imbalance. Consequent issues can include upper-cross syndrome, rotator cuff imbalances, and poor scapulohumeral rhythm.
- If an athlete’s elbows are significantly bent during an overhead squat assessment, which of the following muscles are most likely tight?
a. Triceps
b. Rectus abdominis
c. Pectoralis major
d. Upper trapezius
C - If an athlete’s elbows noticeably bend during an overhead squat assessment, they most likely are experiencing tightness in their pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi. They most likely also have weakness in their infraspinatus, teres minor and mid trapezius. The rectus abdominis and upper trapezius would not impact the elbow joint. Tight triceps would not impact the elbow in the overhead squat position as the shoulders and elbows do not need to be flexed.
- _______________ are far less accurate for validly assessing body composition compared to hydrostatic weighing, but are reliable when the same tester is used between assessments.
a. Waist-to-hip ratios
b. Skinfold assessments
c. DEXA scans
d. Near infra-red scans
B - Skinfold assessments are not as accurate as hydrostatic weighing when attempting to measure body composition, but they are useful in athletics for their ease of implementation (with a skilled coach) and high reliability during subsequent measures when the same tester is used. Near infra-red scans and waist-to-hip ratios are not commonly used among athletes and would be undesirable assessments. A DEXA scan is highly accurate but is not always practical for most athletic environments due to cost and tester requirements.
- If an athlete performed four (4) repetitions of the barbell bench press using 250 lbs during a multi-rep test, what would be the estimated 1RM for the lift?
a. 260 lbs
b. 270 lbs
c. 280 lbs
d. 290 lbs
C - The estimated 1RM for the lift would be 280 lbs. This is obtained using the 3% formula.
{(.03 x reps performed) +1} x weight used = estimated 1RM
{(.03 x 4) +1} x 250 = estimated 1RM
{1.12} x 250 = 280 lbs
. Sport actions that are performed in a constantly-changing environment that force the athlete to react to external stimuli are referred to as ___________________.
a. Feedback skills
b. Open skills
c. Transition skills
d. Closed skills
B - Open skills are those executed in a changing environment that forces the athlete to react to external stimuli, such as dodging punches during a boxing match. Closed skills are those performed under a constant environment, such as shooting a penalty kick during a soccer match or basketball free-throw. Open skills are more associated with transferrable performance capabilities, compared to close skills.
- Which of the following is considered to be the most difficult physical attribute to develop and test?
a. Power
b. Strength
c. Coordination
d. Static balance
C - Coordination is often considered the most difficult physical attribute to develop and test based on its genetic-based characteristics and very high sport-specificity. Coordination has been defined as the “intelligence” of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and its ability to communicate with the central nervous system (CNS); therefore, testing and development must revolve around the neural execution elements of training and competition (skilled movement specific).
