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Strength And Conditioning > Performance Enhancing Substances > Flashcards

Performance Enhancing Substances Flashcards

1
Q

Any substance, mechanical aid, or training method that improves sport performance

A

ergogenic aid

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2
Q

describe the requirements for drugs

A

must meet the Food and Drug Administration approval for safety and effectiveness. Can not be obtained over-the-counter

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3
Q

dietary supplement

A

if a supplement isn’t classified as a drug or has therapeutic value, FDA regulation is essentially relaxed

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4
Q

give examples of dietary supplements

A 
vitamins
minerals
amino acids
herbs or other botanicals
enzymes, tissues, or hormones
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5
Q

what are sympathomimetic amines?

A

substances that imitate the sympathetic nervous system

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6
Q

what are masking agents?

A

substances that are meant to cover up the usage of illegal substances

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7
Q

what are psychomotor stimulants?

A

i’m not sure

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8
Q

Erythropoietin (EPO) and caffeine are used by

A

distance athletes

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9
Q

anabolic steroids are used by

A

strength and power athletes

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10
Q

beta blockers are used by

A

athletes that need to relax and concentrate (e.g., reduction in heart rate during shooting)

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11
Q

true or false? testosterone itself is a very poor ergogenic aid

A

True: chemical modification is needed to slow the degeneration process and achieve androgenic and anabolic effects

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12
Q

describe the administration of steroids

A

“stacking”: more than one drug at a time. Athletes also take steroids in a cyclic pattern

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13
Q

how long after steroid usage will the drug become undetectable but still by yielding results?

A

14 weeks

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14
Q

what is PCT

A

Post Cycle Therapy: Steroids users will sometimes use additional drugs post cycle to counteract the negative side effects of coming off. This is referred to as post-cycle therapy

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15
Q

who uses steroids?

A

many athletes (olympic to middle school). The majority of user are 30 yr old, white collar caucasians

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16
Q

true or false: you do not have to have “good genetics” to receive gains from steroid use

A

true

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17
Q

true or false: out of steroid users, only highly trained athletes see benefits

A

false: steroids effect the untrained and professionally trained

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18
Q

what are some of the dangerous side effects of testosterone use?

A 
aggression
water retention
breast tissue in males
prostate cancer
kidney/other organ damage 
acne
hair loss
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19
Q

what are pro hormones?

A

testosterone precursors. not effective, but the user still experiences side effects

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20
Q

what is HCG?

A

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin

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21
Q

describe HCG

A

Obtained from the placenta of pregnant women. It closely resembles lutenizing hormone which can increase testicular testosterone production

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22
Q

describe insulin in a performance enhancer

A

taken by body builders to potentiate the effects of growth hormone and IGF1

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23
Q

HGH

A

Human Growth Hormone: no hard evidence regarding effectiveness. Ancedotal reports suggest impressive results

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24
Q

EPO

A

Erythropoietin: injected to raise levels of hemoglobin and hemacrit

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25
Q

to whom does EPO appeal to? expound

A

endurance athletes: increases VO2 max (O2 carrying capacity is not a concern for anaerobic athletes)

26
Q

what are the risks associated with EPO?

A

bloot clotting
heat stroke (low blood fluids)
stroke
heart attack

27
Q

how do you test for drugs?

A

blood or urine sampling

28
Q

what is a normal testosterone:epitestosterone ratio?

A

4:1

29
Q

describe the challenges with drug testing

A

for the hormones that are naturally produced by the body, only ranges can be used to determine normal/abnormal levels

30
Q

name one negative result of the FDA’s lax regulations

A

many companies make unsubstantiated claims about their products and get away with it

31
Q

what is, perhaps, the most popular supplement of all time?

A

protein

32
Q

when is it most beneficial to take protein supplements?

A

right before or after a workout

33
Q

why are there differing opinions about the effectiveness of protein supplements?

A

durations of studies are sometimes not long enough, variable training levels, age, amount of supplement, type of supplement, etc.

34
Q

what is the result of protein regarding fiber type increase?

A

both type I and II had greater increase in CSA

35
Q

what is the result of protein regarding fat free mass?

A

there was in increase in fat free mass, but no change in fat mass

36
Q

what is the result of protein regarding 1RM?

A

increase in leg press 1RM

37
Q

what are the best sources of protein?

A

milk and whey

38
Q

what is the primary dosage for protein supplements?

A

minimum of 20g of protein

39
Q

How does the quantity and timing of protein ingestion after resistance exercise influence MPS throughout the entire day?

A

too high doses taken only a couple times a day is too infrequent to see benefits.
very frequent small doses are too small.
*20g doses 4 times a day is the most benificial

40
Q

is ingesting protein supplements during the recovery period beneficial?

A

yes

41
Q

why would someone take just amino acids instead of protein?

A

the most anabolic part of proteins are the essential amino acids

42
Q

which amino acid has been found to be the trigger for protein synthesis?

A

Leucine

43
Q

what is HMB

A

Derivative of Leucine: B-Hydroxy-B-Methylbutyrate (HMB)

44
Q

what is the function of HMB?

A

instead of stimulating protein synthesis, it prevents muscle degeneration

45
Q

describe the current opinion of HMB

A

not enough research to be conclusive, but it seems that HMB is slightly effective only in untrained individuals

46
Q

a nitrogen containing compound that is made naturally in the body by the liver

A

Creatine Monohydrate

47
Q

what is the purpose of creatine monohydrate?

A

stored in the muscle (either free or as creatine phosphate). substrate for ATP synthesis during the first few seconds of workout

48
Q

what is the reasoning behind taking a creatine monohydrate supplement?

A

depletion of creatine phosphate stores during exercise is one of the main causes of fatigue and termination of exercise.

49
Q

is creatine monohydrate supplementation more effective in trained or non trained athletes?

A

it is just as, or more effective in trained athletes

50
Q

One of the few supplements that has shown fairly consistent ergogenic benefits

A

Creatine Monohydrate

51
Q

the ability to regulate H+ concentration during exercise

A

Muscle Buffering Capacity (MBC)

52
Q

what is the purpose of muscle buffers?

A

to increase MBC

53
Q

why is β-Alanine useful?

A

it stimulates carnosine synthesis, which has MBC properties. Alone, it is a poor ergogenic aid

54
Q

why would sodium bicarbonate be a useful supplement?

A

raised the pH level (more basic). This helps to equalize the acidic atmosphere in the muscles (H+)

55
Q

what is the down side to sodium bicarbonate?

A

doses that are high enough to show positive results often induce nausea, cramping, etc.

56
Q

why is testing for stimulants conducted after a sporting event?

A

stimulants do not have chronic effects. They are short term and must be taken right before event. (in between routine testing and start of event)

57
Q

what do stimulants do?

A

increase sympathetic activation (nervous system effects; ↑ synapse transmission, nerve conduction velocity, neural drive etc.)

58
Q

one of the most widely used drugs in the world

A

caffeine

59
Q

what does caffeine do for aerobic athletes?

A

increases fat utilization (frees fatty acids from stores in muscle)

60
Q

what does caffeine do for power athletes?

A

enhanced excitation-contraction coupling (neuromuscular transmission and calcium movement)

61
Q

is caffeine more effective for aerobic or anaerobic activities?

A

aerobic

62
Q

why is chocolate milk a good recovery drink?

A

it has carbs and protein

Strength And Conditioning (13 decks)

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