Performance Enhancing Substances Flashcards
Any substance, mechanical aid, or training method that improves sport performance
ergogenic aid
describe the requirements for drugs
must meet the Food and Drug Administration approval for safety and effectiveness. Can not be obtained over-the-counter
dietary supplement
if a supplement isn’t classified as a drug or has therapeutic value, FDA regulation is essentially relaxed
give examples of dietary supplements
vitamins minerals amino acids herbs or other botanicals enzymes, tissues, or hormones
what are sympathomimetic amines?
substances that imitate the sympathetic nervous system
what are masking agents?
substances that are meant to cover up the usage of illegal substances
what are psychomotor stimulants?
i’m not sure
Erythropoietin (EPO) and caffeine are used by
distance athletes
anabolic steroids are used by
strength and power athletes
beta blockers are used by
athletes that need to relax and concentrate (e.g., reduction in heart rate during shooting)
true or false? testosterone itself is a very poor ergogenic aid
True: chemical modification is needed to slow the degeneration process and achieve androgenic and anabolic effects
describe the administration of steroids
“stacking”: more than one drug at a time. Athletes also take steroids in a cyclic pattern
how long after steroid usage will the drug become undetectable but still by yielding results?
14 weeks
what is PCT
Post Cycle Therapy: Steroids users will sometimes use additional drugs post cycle to counteract the negative side effects of coming off. This is referred to as post-cycle therapy
who uses steroids?
many athletes (olympic to middle school). The majority of user are 30 yr old, white collar caucasians
true or false: you do not have to have “good genetics” to receive gains from steroid use
true
true or false: out of steroid users, only highly trained athletes see benefits
false: steroids effect the untrained and professionally trained
what are some of the dangerous side effects of testosterone use?
aggression water retention breast tissue in males prostate cancer kidney/other organ damage acne hair loss
what are pro hormones?
testosterone precursors. not effective, but the user still experiences side effects
what is HCG?
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin
describe HCG
Obtained from the placenta of pregnant women. It closely resembles lutenizing hormone which can increase testicular testosterone production
describe insulin in a performance enhancer
taken by body builders to potentiate the effects of growth hormone and IGF1
HGH
Human Growth Hormone: no hard evidence regarding effectiveness. Ancedotal reports suggest impressive results
EPO
Erythropoietin: injected to raise levels of hemoglobin and hemacrit
to whom does EPO appeal to? expound
endurance athletes: increases VO2 max (O2 carrying capacity is not a concern for anaerobic athletes)
what are the risks associated with EPO?
bloot clotting
heat stroke (low blood fluids)
stroke
heart attack
how do you test for drugs?
blood or urine sampling
what is a normal testosterone:epitestosterone ratio?
4:1
describe the challenges with drug testing
for the hormones that are naturally produced by the body, only ranges can be used to determine normal/abnormal levels
name one negative result of the FDA’s lax regulations
many companies make unsubstantiated claims about their products and get away with it
what is, perhaps, the most popular supplement of all time?
protein
when is it most beneficial to take protein supplements?
right before or after a workout
why are there differing opinions about the effectiveness of protein supplements?
durations of studies are sometimes not long enough, variable training levels, age, amount of supplement, type of supplement, etc.
what is the result of protein regarding fiber type increase?
both type I and II had greater increase in CSA
what is the result of protein regarding fat free mass?
there was in increase in fat free mass, but no change in fat mass
what is the result of protein regarding 1RM?
increase in leg press 1RM
what are the best sources of protein?
milk and whey
what is the primary dosage for protein supplements?
minimum of 20g of protein
How does the quantity and timing of protein ingestion after resistance exercise influence MPS throughout the entire day?
too high doses taken only a couple times a day is too infrequent to see benefits.
very frequent small doses are too small.
*20g doses 4 times a day is the most benificial
is ingesting protein supplements during the recovery period beneficial?
yes
why would someone take just amino acids instead of protein?
the most anabolic part of proteins are the essential amino acids
which amino acid has been found to be the trigger for protein synthesis?
Leucine
what is HMB
Derivative of Leucine: B-Hydroxy-B-Methylbutyrate (HMB)
what is the function of HMB?
instead of stimulating protein synthesis, it prevents muscle degeneration
describe the current opinion of HMB
not enough research to be conclusive, but it seems that HMB is slightly effective only in untrained individuals
a nitrogen containing compound that is made naturally in the body by the liver
Creatine Monohydrate
what is the purpose of creatine monohydrate?
stored in the muscle (either free or as creatine phosphate). substrate for ATP synthesis during the first few seconds of workout
what is the reasoning behind taking a creatine monohydrate supplement?
depletion of creatine phosphate stores during exercise is one of the main causes of fatigue and termination of exercise.
is creatine monohydrate supplementation more effective in trained or non trained athletes?
it is just as, or more effective in trained athletes
One of the few supplements that has shown fairly consistent ergogenic benefits
Creatine Monohydrate
the ability to regulate H+ concentration during exercise
Muscle Buffering Capacity (MBC)
what is the purpose of muscle buffers?
to increase MBC
why is β-Alanine useful?
it stimulates carnosine synthesis, which has MBC properties. Alone, it is a poor ergogenic aid
why would sodium bicarbonate be a useful supplement?
raised the pH level (more basic). This helps to equalize the acidic atmosphere in the muscles (H+)
what is the down side to sodium bicarbonate?
doses that are high enough to show positive results often induce nausea, cramping, etc.
why is testing for stimulants conducted after a sporting event?
stimulants do not have chronic effects. They are short term and must be taken right before event. (in between routine testing and start of event)
what do stimulants do?
increase sympathetic activation (nervous system effects; ↑ synapse transmission, nerve conduction velocity, neural drive etc.)
one of the most widely used drugs in the world
caffeine
what does caffeine do for aerobic athletes?
increases fat utilization (frees fatty acids from stores in muscle)
what does caffeine do for power athletes?
enhanced excitation-contraction coupling (neuromuscular transmission and calcium movement)
is caffeine more effective for aerobic or anaerobic activities?
aerobic
why is chocolate milk a good recovery drink?
it has carbs and protein
