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Strength And Conditioning > Bioenergetics > Flashcards

Bioenergetics Flashcards

0
Q

What is bioenergetics?

A

Flow of energy in a biological system: macronutrients into biologically useable energy. (food/chemical energy into muscle contraction/mechanical energy)

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1
Q

Exergonic vs. endergonic reactions

A

Exergonic: releases energy; usually catabolic

Endergonic: requires energy; usually endergonic

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2
Q

3 basic biological energy systems

A

1) phosphagen
2) glycolysis
3) oxidative systems

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3
Q

Anaerobic process

A

Do not require the presence of oxygen

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4
Q

Aerobic process

A

Process that depends on oxygen

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5
Q

Kreb cycle, electron transport chain, and rest of the oxidative system

A

Aerobic mechanisms that occur in the mitochondria

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6
Q

Which macronutrients are essential to anaerobic metabolism and why?

A

Carbohydrates: metabolized for energy with out oxygen involvement

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7
Q

Creatine phosphate

A

High energy molecule involved in the phosphagen system. Hydrolysis of this molecule provides a phosphate group to combine with ADP

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8
Q

Law of mass action or mass action effect

A

The concentration of reactants and/ or products in solution will drive the direction of the reaction

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9
Q

Glycolysis

A

The break down of carbohydrates; anaerobic. Less rapid than creatine kinase but higher capacity of ATP

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10
Q

What 2 things can happen with pyruvate?

A

1) fast glycolysis: converted to lactate and used for anaerobic ATP resynthesis
2) taken to mitochondria and undergoes the keen cycle (slower and used for longer duration)

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11
Q

Gluconeogenesis

A

The formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources- during extended exercise and recovery

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12
Q

true or false: the process of pyruvate to lactate results in the formation of lactic acid.

A

False.

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13
Q

lactate production increases with…

A

increased exercise and type II muscle fibers

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14
Q

Lactate clearance

A

3 ways: lactate can be oxidized in the muscle it was produced in or transported by the blood to another muscle to be oxidized OR taken to liver where it is converted into glucose

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15
Q

Cori Cycle

A

cycle of: blood glucose taken to the muscle- lactate in muscle- blood transports lactate to liver - converted to glucose in the liver- taken back by way of the blood to muscle

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16
Q

Phosphorylation

A

process of adding an inorganic phosphate to another molecule. (ADP+P=ATP)

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17
Q

Oxidative Phosphorylation

A

resynthesis of ATP in the electron transport chain

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18
Q

Substrate Level Phosphorylation

A

direct resynthesis of ATP from ADP during a single reaction in the metabolic pathways.

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19
Q

What are the 2 primary mechanisms for ATP resynthesis during metabolism

A

Substrate-level phosphorylation and

Oxidative phosphorylation

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20
Q

What is the net gain of glycolysis (using blood glucose)? Explain

A

2 ATP are required to power glycolysis and 4 are resynthesized: net gain of 2

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21
Q

What is the net gain of glycolysis (using muscle glycogen)? Explain

A

1 ATP is required to power glycolysis and 4 are resunthesized: net gain of 3

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22
Q

What factors stimulate glycolysis?

A

High concentrations of ADP, decrease in pH levels and AMP

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23
Q

What must be the conditions for pyruvate to be transported to the mitochondria? What happens next?

A

If oxygen levels are high enough (exercise intensity is low enough/ athlete is conditioned) then pyruvate is converted to Acetyl CoA and undergoes the Kreb cycle.

24
Q

the oxidative system is the primary system when…

A

the body is at rest or at low intensity, long endurance exercise

25
Q

What is oxygen deficit?

A

up to the first 4 minutes of exercise the body’s energy systems require a higher oxygen level then the body is able to provide. Oxygen uptake increases rapidly during this time until the body reaches steady state

27
Q

name 3 important glycolytic enzymes

A

hexokinase
phosphofructokinase
pyruvate kinase

28
Q

Energy

A

capacity to perform work

29
Q

Catabolic reactions

A

breakdown of large protein/fat/carbohydrate molecules into smaller products “yielding energy release”

30
Q

Anabolic reactions

A

The formation of large molecules from small protein/fat/carbohydrate substrates requiring energy

31
Q

Why can’t we sprint indefinitely?

A

The processes required for different activities differ in duration. Fast powerful activity requires ATP at a higher rate then slower longer duration activities (Anaerobic vs. aerobic). Anaerobic processes cannot last as long as long

32
Q

Metabolism

A

the total of all the reactions that take place in the cells of the body

33
Q

coupled reactions

A

the energy given off by exergonic reactions powers an endergonic reaction

34
Q

ATP

A

bioenergy currency of all cells

35
Q

Energy

A

capacity to perform work

36
Q

Catabolic reactions

A

breakdown of large protein/fat/carbohydrate molecules into smaller products “yielding energy release”

37
Q

Anabolic reactions

A

The formation of large molecules from small protein/fat/carbohydrate substrates requiring energy

38
Q

Why can’t we sprint indefinitely?

A

The processes required for different activities differ in duration. Fast powerful activity requires ATP at a higher rate then slower longer duration activities (Anaerobic vs. aerobic). Anaerobic processes cannot last as long as long

39
Q

Metabolism

A

the total of all the reactions that take place in the cells of the body

40
Q

blood lactate concentrations reflect…

A

lactate production and clearance

41
Q

ATP

A

bioenergy currency of all cells

42
Q

energy is stored between the …

A

2nd and 3rd phosphate groups

43
Q

true or false: all energy systems are always active but in different proportions.

A

true

44
Q

which muscles contain the highest concentrations of creatine kinase?

A

IIx

45
Q

what determines the fate of pyruvate?

A

presence or absence of oxygen

46
Q

Lactate Dehydrogenase

A

enzyme the catalyzes the formation of lactate

47
Q

blood lactate concentrations reflect…

A

lactate production and clearance

48
Q

How does H+ effect muscle contraction?

A

3 Mechanisms:

  • enzyme activity
  • actin/myosin binding affinity
  • O2 carrying capacity for hemoglobin
49
Q

OBLA

A

Onset of Blood Lactate Accumulation: when the blood lactate concentration reaches 4 mmol/L

50
Q

What does OBLA reflect

A

body’s clearance capacity

51
Q

LT

A

Lactate Threshold

52
Q

What is LT?

A

point when lactate levels abruptly rise above baseline concentration (body must be working anaerobically. high lactate concentration reflect and perpetuate glycolysis)

53
Q

What determines oxidative capacity?

A

1) oxidative enzyme levels
2) muscle fiber type composition
3) oxygen availability

54
Q

Cardiorespiratory Endurance

A

Ability of whole body to sustain prolonged exercise

55
Q

where does the phosphagen system take place?

A

sarcoplasm of the muscle cell

56
Q

where does the kreb cycle take place?

A

mitochondria

57
Q

where does glycolysis take place?

A

sarcoplasm of the cell

58
Q

Define VO2 Max

A

The maximum capacity of an individual’s body to transport and use oxygen during exercise. Also called maximum aerobic capacity

Strength And Conditioning (13 decks)

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