Biomechanics Flashcards
define Mechanics
Study of forces and motions produced by their action
define Biomechanics
Study of the mechanical causes and effects of on human movement/performance; The application of mechanical laws to living structures
why is the study of biomechanics important?
helps us understand how we generate/control movements
understanding of what mechanical/anatomical factor/features limit movement outcomes?
what are some of the other branches of biomechanics?
Orthopedic Biomechanics
Occupational Biomechanics
Animal Biomechanics
sagittal plane; give some examples of movements in a sagittal plane
divides the body into left and right; forward lunge
coronal plane; give some examples of movements in a coronal plane
divides the body into front and back; adduction or adduction of arms or jumping jacks
transverse plane; give some examples of movements in a transverse plane
divides the body into top and bottom; turning head or swinging a bat
anterior; example?
in front of
posterior; example?
behind
proximal; example?
closer to the trunk or midline
distal; example?
farther from the trunk or midline
Superior; example?
closer to the head or above
inferior; example?
closer to the feet or below
lateral; example?
farther from the midline or outside
medial; example?
closer to the midline or inside
give examples of adduction/abduction
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describe plantar flexion and dorsiflexion
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give some example of flexion and extension
…
describe supination and pronation
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describe inversion and eversion
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describe circumduction
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describe internal and external rotation
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describe lateral flexion
Pertains to the trunk (Cervical, lumbar regions)
true or false: muscles can only pull not push
true
joints
Junctions of bones
fibrous joints allow for _____ movement. ______ is an example of a fibrous joint.
no; skull sutures
Cartilaginous joints allow for _____ movement. ______ is an example of a fibrous joint.
limited; pubic symphasis
Synovial joints allow for _____ movement. ______ is an example of a fibrous joint.
maximal; knee
movement in ____ plane is defined as ____ degree of motion
1,2,or3
Uniaxial joints
rotate about one axis
Biaxial joints
allow movement about two perpendicular axes.
Multiaxial joints
including the shoulder and hip ball-and-socket joints, allow movement about all three perpendicular axes that define space.
the spine has ___ cervical, ___ thoracic, ___ lumbar, ___ saccral, and ___ coccyx vertebrae
7,12,5.1,1
Origin is the ______ attachment
proximal
insertion is the _______ attachment
distal (usually more mobile)
agonist
The muscle most directly involved in bringing about a movement. This is also known as the prime mover.
antagonist
A muscle that can slow down or stop the movement. The antagonist assists in joint stabilization.
a mechanism to increase joint stability
antagonist co-activation
synergist muscle
muscle that assists indirectly in a movement
2 Broad categories of assessing characteristics of human movement
kinematics and kinetics
description of motion
kinematics
study of forces (in this context-forces causing motion of the body)
kinetics
force
push or pull that tends to produce acceleration
factors considered in an injury
magnitude Location Direction Duration Frequency Variability Rate
vector
quantity having both magnitude and direction
scalar
has only magnitude
vectors may be combined, the new vector is called
resultant vector
name the 4 properties of force
magnitude
direction
point of application
line of action
The turning effect of a force
torque
Force X Distance = _______
torque
moment arm
Perpendicular distance from the line of force to the axis of rotation
what 2 components is moment arm divided into?
force/effort arm and resistance arm
lever
a rigid bar (bone) that can rotate about a fixed point when a force is applied to overcome resistance
name the 3 parts of a lever
1) Fulcrum
2) Load/Resistance
3) Effort/Force
class 1 lever: the __________ is in the middle
fulcrum
class 2 lever: the ________ is in the middle
resistance force
class 3 lever: the _________ is in the middle
applied force (muscle force) is in the middle
