Performance Enhancers Flashcards
performance enhancers
Legal
Protein powders
Caffeine
Creatine
Illegal
Anabolic steroids
EPO
Blood doping
protein powder
How consumed
in powder form
Physiological benefits
Increasing muscle bulk and repair damaged tissue
Decrease muscle catabolism using protein as a fuel source
Increase rate of recovery
Increased muscle mass but only if they are doing a resistance training program
Physiological risks
Increased risk of osteoporosis
Colon cancer
Kidney damage
Increased water retention
Athletes who benefit
Athletes who want to increase muscle bulk
Weightlifters
Body builders
Athletes in heavy training to increase recovery
Caffeine
How consumed
Most common dietary sources - tea, coffee, cola drinks
Physiological benefit
Acts as an analgesic so it can increase time to exhaustion
Stimulates CNS to heighten attention and decrease reaction time
Also creates a glycogen-sparing effect through the oxidisation of fatty acids
Physiological risks
Potent diuretic
Increase heart rate
Irritability
Increase muscle twitching
Insomnia
Withdrawal
Headaches
Excessive intake can lead to over-arousal
Athletes who benefit
Endurance events 90+ minutes
Short duration high intensity events (1-5min)
Events requiring fast reaction times
creatine
How consumed
Amino acid found naturally in meat and fish
Naturally occurring compounds found in skeletal muscle
Performance benefits
Is used to improve muscular power and decrease muscular damage
Provides increases CP to muscles, which reduces dependence on anerobic glycosis system
Stimulate protein synthesis
Improved buffering effect on ADP
Physiological risks
Weight gain
Cramping
Diarrhoea
Dehydration
Dizziness
Athletes who benefit
Short duration high intensity explosive power activities
Anabolic steroids
How consumed
Can be consumed orally, injected intramuscularly, or taken as gels or creams that are applied to skin
Synthetically produced drugs that mimics the effect of testosterone
Physiological benefits
Increases performers size, strength and power
Decreases recovery time
Stimulates protein synthesis
Improves rate of tissue repair
Physiological risks
Acne
Liver and Kidney disease/cancer/dysfunction/damage
Depression
Aggression
Hypertension
Infertility
Testicular atrophy
Increased masculinity
Male breast enlargement/female breast atrophy
Athletes who benefits
Sports requiring strength and power as athletes can train harder and more frequently
Blood doping - transfusions
How consumed
Infused human blood into athletes via transfusion of their own or a donors blood of the same type
Physiological benefits
Increased RBC number
Allows more oxygen to be delivered to the muscles
Improved aerobic capacity and VO2 max
Better aerobic performance
Physiological risks
Risk of infection
Risk of communication of infectious disease
Increased blood viscosity
Blood clots
Heart attack
Stroke
Dehydration
Athletes who benefit
Endurance athletes
blood doping - EPO (erythropoietin)
How consumed
Naturally produced hormone in the body secreted by kidneys
EPO is injected under skin
Physiological benefits
Stimulates bone marrow to produce more RBC
Increased RBC means more oxygen is transported to the muscles
Greater aerobic endurance and VO2 max
Physiological risks
Increased blood viscosity
Blood clots
Heart attack
Stroke
Dehydration
Potential to contract infectious diseases
Hypertension
Convulsions
Influenza-like symptoms, bone aches or shivering
Liver or pancreatic damage
Athletes that benefit
Endurance athletes
blood doping - synthetic oxygen carriers
How consumed
Involves the athlete injecting purified proteins or chemicals that carry oxygen
Physiological benefits
Like RBC, they work to deliver oxygen to muscles which increases aerobic capacity and endurance
It can also increase EPO levels and reduce lactic acid production
Physiological risks
Increased blood viscosity
Blood clots
Heart attack
Stroke
Dehydration
Potential for contracting infectious diseases
Hypertension
Convulsions
Influenza-like symptoms, bone aches and shivering
Liver or pancreatic damage
Athletes who benefit
Endurance athletes
