Performance and Limitations

Question 1

How is performance affected as air becomes less dense ?

Answer 1

less engine power
less thrust
less lift

Question 2

What is standard atmosphere at sea level ?

Answer 2

15C 29.92 Hg

Question 3

What are standard temp and pressure lapse rates ?

Answer 3

2C per 1000 ft to 36K

1 in Hg per 1000 ft to 10K

Question 4

What is pressure altitude ?

Answer 4

Height Baseline for calibrating barometric altimeter
Measured highest and lowest pressures globally
31.00 on high end
28.00 on low end
PA of 29.92 in middle

Question 5

Why is Pressure altitude important ?

Answer 5

basis for performance
traffic separation
assigning flight levels

Question 6

Method for determining pressure altitude ?

Answer 6

set baro to 29.92 and read indicated altitude
flight computer (using indicated and Hg)

Question 7

What is density altitude ?

Answer 7

PA corrected for non-standard Temp

Question 8

How does air density affect performance ?

Answer 8

density increases, better performance

density decreases, poor performance

Question 9

How is density altitude determined ?

Answer 9

find PA, then correct for non-standard temp variations

Question 10

What does density altitude mean to aircraft performance ?

Answer 10

The aircraft will perform as if it was at that altitude.

normally aspirated engines

Question 11

What factors affect density altitude ?

Answer 11

changes in
altitude
temperature
humidity

Question 12

What effect does atmospheric pressure have on air density ?

Answer 12

its proportional

higher pressure causes higher density altitude

Question 13

What effect does temperature have on air density ?

Answer 13

varies inversely
warmer causes density decrease
colder causes density increase

Question 14

What effect does humidity have on air density ?

Answer 14

as water vapor increase, density decreases

Question 15

What is relative humidity ?

Answer 15

percentage of maximum amount of water vapor the air can hold

Question 16

What effect does landing at high-elevation airports have on ground speed ?

Answer 16

true airspeed is faster, resulting in faster ground speed.
greater distance to clear obstacles
longer ground roll etc

Question 17

What are some of the elements of aircraft performance ?

Answer 17

Takeoff distance
landing distance
rate-of-climb
ceiling
payload
Range
Speed
Maneuverability
Stability
Fuel economy

Question 18

What is relationship to lift, weight thrust in steady state flight ?

Answer 18

lift = weight
thrust = drag

Question 19

What are the types of drag ?

Answer 19

induced (wing drag)

parasitic (aircraft skin)

Question 20

What is induced drag ?

Answer 20

drag as a by-product of lift

Question 21

What is parasitic drag ?

Answer 21

friction of air moving over the aircraft

Question 22

How does drag increase as speed increases ?

Answer 22

2x speed = 4x drag

Question 23

Define the term “service ceiling”

Answer 23

Max altitude of aircraft where
Vy = 100 FPM
Max weight

Question 24

Will aircraft always be able to climb at service ceiling ?

Answer 24

No, depends on density altitude

Question 25

What is the definition of absolute ceiling ?

Answer 25

altitude at which a climb is not longer possible

Question 26

What is power loading ?

Answer 26

Dividing total weight of airplane by brake HP

Question 27

What is wing loading ?

Answer 27

Dividing total weight of airplane by wing area

Question 28

What is maximum range ?

Answer 28

max distance for given fuel. | obtain by L/D max

Question 29

What is maximum endurance ?

Answer 29

max TIME for given fuel | obtained at min power for flight

Question 30

What is ground effect ?

Answer 30

interference of ground with airflow reduction of upwash and downwash occurs within wingspan of ground

Question 31

What problems can occur by ground effect ?

Answer 31

Landing - less drag causes float | Takeoff - excess weight airborne in ground effect but marginal or no climb out of ground effect

Question 32

What does "flight in region of normal command" mean ?

Answer 32

while level higher airspeed requires higher power lower airspeed requires lower power

Question 33

What does "flight in region of reverse command" mean ?

Answer 33

"behind the power curve" airspeed between min pwr and stall speed a decrease in speed must be accompanied by and increase in power

Question 34

What are examples of operating "behind the power curve" ?

Answer 34

high pitch powered approach for short-field landing soft-field take-off and climb

Question 35

How does runway and gradient affect performance ?

Answer 35

alt to hard and smooth increase ground roll | increase gradient increases ground roll

Question 36

What factors affect take-off and landing ?

Answer 36

``` Air density surface wind runway surface runway gradient weight powerplant thrust ```

Question 37

How do you plan for rejected takeoff ?

Answer 37

``` 50/70 rule if not 70% Airspeed (54kts) by 50% runway, abort power idle max braking directional control ```

Question 38

What does 75% BHP mean ?

Answer 38

Brake horsepower power at prop shaft delivering 75% of engine HP to prop shaft at sea level

Question 39

How would you lean an engine ?

Answer 39

Tach Method: mixture for peak RPM then lean to rough Fuel flow: published amount EGT: Lea until EGT peak then come down (50 degrees)

Question 40

What is normal climb out speed.

Answer 40

120KIAS (130)

Question 41

What is Vr ?

Answer 41

77 - 80 KIAS

Question 42

What is airspeed at obstacle ?

Answer 42

85 KIAS

Question 43

What is airspeed for Flaps retract ?

Answer 43

90 KIAS

Question 44

What is Vy ?

Answer 44

best rate of climb. 103 KIAS (102 @ 10K)

Question 45

What is Vx ?

Answer 45

best climb angle. 88 KIAS

Question 46

How do you set cruise power in SR22T ?

Answer 46

30.5 MP. Lean to Cyan marker Engine assist for 50 - 75 degrees below peak EGT

Question 47

What is stall speed in clean configuration ?

Answer 47

74 KIAS @3600 lb, 0 bank, FWD CG | 72 KIAS @3600 lb, 0 bank, AFT CG

Question 48

Flaps 50% speed ?

Answer 48

150

Question 49

Flaps 1005 speed ?

Answer 49

110

Question 50

Vpd ?

Answer 50

Parachute Deployment speed 140 KIAS

Question 51

Vo ?

Answer 51

Operating Maneuvering Speed. 140 KIAS

Question 52

Vne ?

Answer 52

Never Exceed Speed 205 KIAS To 17.5K 175 KIAS 17.5K to 25K

Question 53

Vno ?

Answer 53

Max Structural Cruising Speed 176 KIAS To 17.5K 150 KIAS to 25K

Question 54

What is stall speed with 50% flaps ?

Answer 54

70 KIAS at 3600 lb, 0 bank, FWD CG | 69 KIAS at 3600 lb, 0 bank, AFT CG

Question 55

What is stall speed with 100% flaps ?

Answer 55

64 KIAS at 3600 lb, 0 bank, FWD CG | 63 KIAS at 3600 lb, 0 bank, AFT CG

Question 56

What performance characteristics will be adversely affected when an aircraft is overloaded ?

Answer 56

``` Higher takeoff speed Longer takeoff run Reduced rate and angle of climb Lower maximum altitude Shorter range Reduced cruising speed Reduced Maneuverability Higher stalling speed Higher approach and landing speed Longer landing roll Excessive weight on nose wheel ```

Question 57

What responsibilities does the owner/operator have if weight and balance has changed on an aircraft ?

Answer 57

Changes documented in POH FAA form 337

Question 58

What is CG ?

Answer 58

Center of Gravity | Point at which aircraft would balance in space

Question 59

What effect of FWD CG ?

Answer 59

Higher stall speed due to increased wing loading Slower cruise speed due to increased drag, higher AOA More stable Greater back pressure required

Question 60

What effect of AFT CG ?

Answer 60

Lower stall speed Higher cruise speed Less stable - stall and spin recovery more difficult