Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PSYC 105 - cognition > Perception > Flashcards

Perception Flashcards

1
Q

what is akinetopsia - case study LM

A

unable to perceive motion

very specific of brain is damaged, MT or V5 - prcesses visual motion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are rods like

A

sensitive in low light
lower acuity
colour blind
periphery of the retina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what are cones like

A

need more light
higher acuity
colour sensitive
in the fovea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

are there any cones or rods on the blind spot

A

no

is where the optive nerve is

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

explain the cells in the eye that transduce light to vision and begin relay to the brain

A

photoreceptors (cones and rods)
bipolar cells next
ganglion cells to the optic nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what brain areas recieve inputs from the optic nerve

A

in the thalamus - laternal geniculate nucleus
in the cortex
V1 - primary visual projection area/ primary visual cortex in the occipital lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

explain what areas of the brain see what

A

both eyes process both sides of the world

left visual cortex “sees” the right of the visual field and vice versa for the right

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is lateral inhibition

A

occurs in cells in the retina
each active cell inhibits its neighbours
this emphasizes the edges of stimuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

so strips of gradually getting lighter shades of black

which side of the bar appear darkest

A

the one next to the darker colour as patterns of lateral inhibition between neighbouring cells on the retina lead to that edge being enhanced and so appearing darker

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

where do we place a single cell recording and what can we define about cision from it

A

electrode placed just outside a neuron in the animals optic nerve or brain
used to define the cells receptive field

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is the receptive field

A

the size and shape of the area in the visual world to which that cell responds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what did Hubel and Weisel discover

A

specialized neurons in the brain with distinct receptive fields
eg centre surround cells - stimulus in centre = higher firing, stimulus in surrund = lower firing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what do edge detectors do

A

receptive to lines of particular orientation

-horizontal and vertical are the most common

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

explain parallel processing

A

divide and conquer

different cells process different areas of the visual world and different brian areas process this all simultaneously

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

explain the role of the “what system” in parallel visual processing

A

identification of objects

occipital-temporal pathway

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

explain the role of the “where system” in parallel visual processing

A

locations of objects and guiding our responses

occipital-parietal pathway

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what happens when occipital-temporal pathway is damaged

A

visual agnosia
can describe object when shown it but cannot tell you what it is
dissconnection between object and recognition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what happens when the occipital-parietal pathway is damaged

A

problems with reaching for seen objects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what do parvocellular cells do

A

specialized for spatial analysis and detailed from

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what do magnocellular cells do

A

specialization for motion analysis and depth perception

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is the binding problem

A

parallel processing splits up processing of our world

but we do not see the world as disjointed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

explain three things that help us solve the binding problem

A

spatial positioning - reassembling of pieces of references position
neural synchrony - rythm of neurons that are firing in response to the same item tend to be in sync
attention is crucial for the binding of visual features - when attention is overloaded people make conjunction errors
simply no definte answers yet but this is some evidence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

explain conjunction errors

A

seeing a blue H and red T but reporting a red H

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

define sensation

A

absorbing raw energy through our sensory organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

define transduction

A

conversion of this energy to neural signlas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

define attention

A

concentration of mental energy to process incoming information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

define perception

A

selecting, organizing and interpreting these signals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

give a brief overview of going from sensation to perception

A

energy contains info about the world (but noisy, distorted etc)
accessory structure modifies energy
receptor transduces energy into neural respinse
sensory nerve transmits the coded activity to the CNS
thalamus processes and relays the neural response
relayed to specialized areas of the cortex
perception of the world

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what is perception

A

the process of recognising, organizing and interpreting information from the sense
it is no an exact copy of the word
based on our past experiences and expectations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

name two types of processing and how they work

A 
bottom-up
-perception starts with the senses
-incoming raw data
-energy registering on receptors
top-down
-perception may start in the brain
-person's knowledge, experience, expectations shape perception
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

explain the recognition by components theory

A

bottom-up theory of object perception
we perceive objects entirely by perceiving their elementary features
geons - 3D volumes
objects are recognised when enough inforntaion is available to identify objects geons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

explain a piece of evidence that support biedermans recognition by components theory

A

perceptually degraded picture are better recongnised when geons are preserved

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

explain the three things that makes geons special

A

discriminability - geaons can be distinguished from other geaons from almost all viewpoints
resistance to visual noise - geons can be perceived in noisy conditions
distinctiveness - 36 geons have been identified

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

how geons are there

A

36

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

how does top down processing generally work

A

making inferences based on context, guessing from experience and basing one perception on another
quick
automatic
not conscious

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

explain one study that showed top down processing

A

multiple personalities of the blob
blurry pictures all ask you to identify three blobs from three diff blurry pictures
each blurry picture makes you think the blob is something different when in fact it is exactly the same blob just rotated each time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

explain helmholtz’s theory of unconscious interference

A

1860
top-down theory
some of our perceptions are the result of unconscious assumptions we make about the environment
we use out knowledge to unform our perceptions
we infer much of what we know about the world
likelihood principle - we perceive the world in the way that is most likely based on our past experineces. this is especially true when we dont have all the information so have to make some kind of inference

38
Q

explain the yanny vs laurel evidence

A

botoom up process - ability to hear certain frequencies (correlated with age) played a role
top-down processes contribute to interpretation as well - previous experiences with the words, accents etc

39
Q

how do we percieve size with distance (explain both TD and BU)

A

bottom-up - size of image on the retina

top-down - the perceived distance of the object, the size of the object relative to other objects in the environment

40
Q

what is special about what hits the retina in depth perception

A

its a 2D image
depth perception allows us to create mental images of objects in 3D and to judge distances
it is present at least in part at birht in humans and other animals

41
Q

explain the visual cliff

A

test of early 3D perception
most infants refuse to crawl across the visual cliff
depth cue - pattern on the floor
when they cannot crawl thery perceive it and get interested from as young as 6 weeks old
social has a big context - will do what mums face tells them
overall though there is fear of the visual cliff - so seems to perceive a kind of cliff so possess depth perception

42
Q

define binocular cues

A

our two eyes help us perceive depth

43
Q

explain retinal disparity

A

by comparing images from the two eyeballs the brain can calculate the distnace to the object being viewed
used by 3D filmmakers
is a bottom-up cue of depth perception

44
Q

what distances can retinal disparity differentiate between

A

1 to 10 ft

45
Q

what distances can monocular cues differentiate between

A

10 to 100 ft

46
Q

what are monocular cues

A

top-down cues of depth - they are based on knowledge w ehave about the world

47
Q

explain some things monocular cues help us with

A 
relative size
interposition
relative motion
light and shadow (this we learn)
linear perspective
48
Q

perceptual constancy

A 
size
shape
brightness
colour
things look different depending on the angle, distance and lighting however our perception is constant
49
Q

size constantcy explaine

A

we perceive the size of an object as constant from different distances
retinal size will be different but we perceive the size as constant
but context matters (eg moon illusion)

50
Q

brightness / colour constancy

A

colours may be the same but depending what they are next to changes our perception of their brightness and color
eg the dress

51
Q

form perception and perceptual organization - old and new view

A 
old = structuralism - perception involves adding up sensations
new = gestalt - the perceptual whole is more than the sum of its parts
52
Q

form perception - how do we knoe where one object ends and the next begins?

A

figure-ground= organization of visual field into objects that stand out from their surroundings
groupings - the perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into meaningful groups (gestalt principles)

53
Q

name the 5 laws of peceptual organization

A 
law of good continuation/ continuity
law of good figure/ simplicity
law of similarity
law of proximity
law of closure
54
Q

explain the law of good continuation

A

we tend to see shapes/ lines as being continuous even when occluded

55
Q

explain the law of good figure

A

every stimulus pattern is seen so the resulting structure is as simple as possible

56
Q

explain the law of similarity

A

similar things appear grouped together

57
Q

explain the law of proximity

A

things near each other appear grouped together

58
Q

explain the law of closure

A

we tend to perceive closed figures rather than incomplete ones

59
Q

positives and negative of gestalt laws

A 
often provide accurate informtion about properties of the environment
-refect experince
-used unconsciously
-occasionally misleading
gestalt laws are heuristics
60
Q

explain the interactive neture of perceptual areas

A

remeber parallel processing

brain areas for basic visual features interact with brain areas for large scale form

61
Q

object recogition - feature models

A

might begin with features
features - small elements that result from the organized perception of form
feature detector neurons in the visual system

62
Q

what are the advntages of feature based models of object recognition

A

building blocks
commonalities for variable objects
evidence - play a role in visual search

63
Q

what is feature search

A

can use one feature like colour to find target

64
Q

what is conjunctive search

A

need to find combination of features to find target (colour and shape for example)

65
Q

what is serial search

A

search every stimulus one by one for target

reaction time depends on display size

66
Q

what is parallel search

A

target stimulus pops out from the rest

reaction time does not depend on display size (or is dependent to a much lesser degree

67
Q

neurological evidence for feature based object recognition

A

parietal cortex damage results in difficulty judging how more than one feature is bound together in objects
either in
-integrative agnosia (parietal cortex damage).
-disruption of parietal cortex via transcrannial magnetic stimulation (TMS)
in both cases subject can do a feature search but not a conjunctive search

68
Q

methodology for investigating word recognition

A

words presented very briefly (10-50ms) then masked

mask = jumble of letters / symbols that stops visual processing of the presented word

69
Q

three important findings about word recognition

A

word frequency effect - high frequency words recognised better

  • repetition priming effect - recently viewed words recognized better
  • word superiority effect - letters recognized better in the context of a word
70
Q

errors in word recognition are driven by…

A

probability
likely to misread words predictably
TPUM = TRUM or DRUM
reverse errors however are rare - we dont take the pronouncable to the non-pronounceable

71
Q

what are feature nets

A

one possible way the visual system recognises words
simple feature detects lead to letter detectors lead to word detectors
sometimes referred to neural networks, have receptive fields and fire above a threshold
but detectors do NOT represent individual neurons, more like a complex assembly of neurons

72
Q

how does the feature net explain repetition priming

A

recent firing = higher starting activation level
-frequency leads to higher recency
-repetition increases recency
if the node has fired recently it is easier for it to fire a second time

73
Q

how does feature nets explain word superiority

A

must add a layer to feature nets - bigrams = grouping of two letters before letters put to make word (this addition is disputed by some researchers

74
Q

explain McClelland and Rumelhart’s 1981 model of word recognition

A

a descendant of feature nets
mushc more complex feature net with feedforward and feedback loops
excitatory and inhibitory connections
more like a brain

75
Q

what is the ventral stream

A

visual paths in the temporal cortex

specialised for identifying and recognising objects

76
Q

what is the dorsal stream

A

the visual path in the parietal cortex

helps the motor system to find objects and move towards them

77
Q

how do we use dissociation logic to understand complex systems in the brain

A

bascially studying malfunctions in the brain
dmage to different areas of the brain cause very different deficits so can conclude that area is necessary for a specific function
eg brain ablation allows scientists to damage specific areas of otherwise normal brains (monkeys or cats) = controlled damage allows for clear conclusions to be drawn

78
Q

explain single dissociation

A

one funciton is lost, another remains
so has what but not where
this would show that what and where rely on different mechanisms, although they may not operate totally independent of one another

79
Q

explain double dissociation

A

requires two individuals with different samage and opposite deficits
indicates that the what and where streams must have different mechanisms AND operate independlty of one another

80
Q

Go over slide 87 with podcast

A

done

81
Q

what is visual agnosia

A

the inability to recognise objects despite satisfactory vision

82
Q

what areas of brain damage can cause visual agnosia

A

there are many types of visual agnosia
occipital
temporal
parietl

83
Q

explain patient CK

A

brain damage leading to visual agnosia

84
Q

explain case study DF

A

carbon monoxide poisoning = damage to temporal lobe
could not visually match card orientation BUT could mail card - so orientate a card through a slot
dissociation between judgin orientation and coordinating vision and action
-other patients with parietal lobe damage have opposite pattern

85
Q

the what pathway is for ….

the where pathway is for ….

A 
what = perception
where = action
86
Q

what is prosopagnosia

A

type of agnosia = face blindness
damage to fusiform gyrus of the inferior temporal cortex
object recognition in tack but there is face blindness
different to Capgras

87
Q

houses and faces experiment that shows different objects may have different recognition systems

A

faces much worse at recognising upsidedown compared to houses

88
Q

holistic processing of faces experiment

A

composite faces (so top half one celebrity and bottom half another)
harder to process just one when the faces are aligned than off centre
shows we process faces holitically

89
Q

grandmother cell experiment

A

single cells have been found in human MTL that fire selectively for certain faces
so jennifer anniston neuron found
used single cell recording in humans who were undergoing surgery
some cells also have preferences for animals, objects, scenes
grandmother cell? most likey not but coding is more sparse than we previously believed

90
Q

so do we have a separate “face system”

A

not necessarily
difference in processing appear when
-interpreting faces
specific indivisuals have to be recognised
-confirgurations of component parts are importnat
expertise!!

91
Q

explain Gauthier et al’s Greebles

A

showed a significant increase in fusiform face area response to greebles after visual discrimination training - so had taught face expertise in greebles

92
Q

top down processing occurs ………..

A

in frontal area before bottom-up activation in occipital area when it is necessary

PSYC 105 - cognition (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions