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PSYC 105 - cognition > Cognitive Neuroscience > Flashcards

Cognitive Neuroscience Flashcards

1
Q

define cognitive psychology

A

a branch of cognitive psychology concerned with mental processes (as perception, thinking, learning and memory) especially with respect to the internal events occuring between sensory stimulation and the overt expression of behaviour

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2
Q

what do cognitive processes help us do

A

make inferences about what is going on in the world around us from what we know

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3
Q

what did Doners do

A

mental chronometry

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4
Q

what is mental chronometry

A

measuring how long cognitive processes take

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5
Q

when was doners working

A

1868

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6
Q

explain Donders’ famous experiment and result

A

simple reaction task - participant pushes a button as quickly as possible after a light appears
choice reaction task - participant pushes one button if light is on the right side, another if light is on the left side
choice RT = 1/10 sec longer than simple RT

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7
Q

What did Donders’ methodology teach us

A

mental processes cannot be measured directly but can be inferred from the participants behaviour

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8
Q

What did Helmholtz do

A

unconsicous interference - some of our perceptions are the result of unconscious assumptions we make about the environment
= we infer much of what we know about the world

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9
Q

when was Helmholtz

A

1860s

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10
Q

what did ebbinghaus do (brief method and result)

A

learned lists of nonsense syllables
determined how many times had to read allowed to learn list
time interval break
measured how many more times he now had to say the list allowed to learn without errors
= ebbinghaus savings (forgetting) curve

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11
Q

what does ebbinghaus’ savings curve look like and show

A

we forget the most in the first instances of time then the longer the time that goes on the less we forget

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12
Q

when was ebbinghaus

A

1885

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13
Q

what did wundt do

A

the first psychology lab at the universty of leipzig in germany
he focused on reaction time experiments

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14
Q

when was wundt and who was his student

A

1879

titchner

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15
Q

what was wundts approach (special term) and what does this mean

A

structuralism

experience is determined by conbining elements of experience called sensations

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16
Q

what methods did wundt use

A

analytic introspection - participants trained to describe experiences and thought processes in response to stimuli

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17
Q

what was watson’s problems to wundt’s methods

A

extremely variable results from one person to the next
results were difficult to verify - there was some invisible, mythical inner mental process at play
subjects also have a tendency to please the experimenter

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18
Q

what did behaviourism suggest

A

eliminated the mind as a topic of study

instead study directly observeable behaviour

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19
Q

what type of condition was the little albert experiment

A

classical conditioning

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20
Q

what is classical conditioning and who discovered it

A

Pavlov - dogs salivating to bell
pair a neutral event with an event that naturally produces some outcome
after many pairing the now neutral events now also produces the outcome

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21
Q

what did skinner investigate

A

interested in determining the relationship between stimuli and response
- operatn conditioning

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22
Q

when was little albert

A

1920

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23
Q

when was skinner

A

1950s

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24
Q

what is operant conditioning

A

shape behaviour by rewards or punishments
behaviour that is rewarded is more likly to be repeated
behaviour that is punished is less likely to be repeated

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25
Q

what was the fundamental to behaviourism and why was this popular with the general public

A

behaviour can be analysed without reference to the mind

-nothing is my fault is all to do with the environment i grew up in

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26
Q

what began the decline in behaviourism

A

language acquisition

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27
Q

explain skinner’s view of verbal behaviour

A

argued children learn language through operant conditioning
children imitate speech they hear
correct speech is rewarded

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28
Q

how does children learn language through operant conditioning according to skinner

A

children imitate the speech they hear

correct speech is rewarded

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29
Q

what was chomsky’s vreview of verbal behaviour 1959

A

argued children do not learn language by behaviourist principles
-children say things they have never heard and therefore cannot be imitating
-children say things that are inncorrect and can not have been rewarded for
language is determined by an inborn biological program - Language Aquisition Device

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30
Q

other than language, what other idea led to the decline of behaviourism

A

misbehaviour of organisms 1961

  • attmepts to condition animal behaviour often didnt work
  • the IQ zoo - animals trained to be entertainers by behaviourist principles but often their built in instincts would over ride (eg pig would root in the ground where posible)
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31
Q

Tolmans maze - explain the experiment and what it showed

A

rat placed in arm of maze and taught to turn right for food
then put in a different arm of the maze
-by behaviourists should turn right and not find food
-by tolman’s cognitive map idea should realise where they are in the maze and turn the right direction to find food
tolman was right

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32
Q

what and who came up with the Transcendental method

A

Kant

work backwards from observations to determine the cause

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33
Q

when and why was the cognitive revolution

A

50s and 60s - period of gradual change
shift from behaviourist s-r approach
widespread availability of the computer helped spur this

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34
Q

explain the information-processing approach

A

a way of studying the mind created from insights associated with the computer
mental hardware and software
models of mental processing

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35
Q

name and explain a model of mental processing

A 
Broadbents filter model of attentino
lots of inputs
hit a filter
detector
to memory
-unattended information does not pass through the filter
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36
Q

explain Cherry’s study in the cognitive revolution

A

dichotic listening

  • message A in left ear
  • message B in right ear
  • to ensure attention participant has to shadow (say aloud) the message they are being told to attend to
  • participatns were able to focus only on the message they were shadowing
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37
Q

how do cognitive scientists work todY

A

study mental events indirectly
-measure stimuli and responses
-develop hypothesis about mental events
=computational models of mental processes
=models predict future outcomes
-design new experiments to test model/hypothese predictinos

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38
Q

what is the goal of cognitive science

A

finding ways to study and understand the inner workings of the mind

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39
Q

what is a way to test working memory

A

span test - how many random digits can you repeat

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40
Q

what did Baddeley and hitch conclude about working memory

A

Central executive - director
visual spatial sketchpad
phonological / articulatory loo

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41
Q

what does the baddeley and hitch model say about mistakes we make

A

we are more likely to make sound over visual mistakes (as we use the inner voice to learn where possible)
eg mistaje s for F (not E)
- go over last years notes on this

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42
Q

what is anarthria

A

the inability to produce overt speech

-loss of muscle movement

43
Q

what does anarthia teach us about the articulatory loop

A

if people can’t produce spoken language, does the articulatory loop work the same as someone sho has no issues with spoien language?
yes still show some confusion between words with the same sounds
shows inner speech does not require the same muscles as overt speech

44
Q

does inner speech rely on the same brain regions as overt speech?

A

yes

45
Q

what do deaf individuals tell us about articulatory loop

A

they have an inner hand over inner speech

more likely to make mistakes when hand shapes are similar

46
Q

what is a counfounding variable

A

a variable the researcher has not controlled for

47
Q

what is cognitive neuroscience

A

the study of physiological basis of cognition

48
Q

two main techniques for studying the relationship between physiology and cognition

A

measuring brain activity

examining impariments in function after damage

49
Q

what is capgras syndrome

A

recognises loved ones but thinks they are imposters
rare, often accompanies alzheimers
caused by injuries to the brain
can otherwise perceive the world in a normal way

50
Q

why does capgras conflict seem to occur

A

basic perceptual recognition but disconnection between recognition and lack of familiarity and emotion
fMRI - amygdala damage results in lack of emotional response
also damage to prefrontal cortex = lack of logic

51
Q

what does capgras teach us

A

behavioural research suggests recognition involves both factual and emotional knowledge
capgras suggests amygdala is involved in supporting the emotional “familiarity” side to recognition
also shows various portions of the brain must work together to accomplish even simple goals like recognition

52
Q

explain phineas gage

A

railroad accident = pole through frontal lobe

after accident all fine apart from massive personality change

53
Q

name parts of the hindbrain and their reponsibilities

A

medulla - basic rhythms
pons - alterness
cerebellum - movements and balance + sensory and cognitive roles

54
Q

where is the hindbrain

A

ontop of the spinal chord

55
Q

where is the midbrain

A

ontop of the hindbrain

56
Q

whatdoes the midbrain do

A

coordinates movement (esp eye movement)
includes parts of the auditory pathway
regulates the experinece of pain

57
Q

what does the forebrain include

A 
cerebral cortex (coating making up 80% of brain tissue)
subcortical structures
-thalamus
-hypothalamus
-limbic system
58
Q

name the four cerebral lobes

A

frontal
parietal
temporal
occipital

59
Q

role of the frontal lobe

A

reasoning and planning

language, thought memory and motor functioning

60
Q

role of the parietal lobe

A

touch, temp, pain and pressure

61
Q

role of the temporal lobe

A

auditory and perceptual processing

laguage, hearing, memory and perceiving forms

62
Q

role of the occipital lobe

A

visual processing

63
Q

the subcortical parts of the forebrain include

A 
thalamus
hypothalamus
limbic system 
-amygdala
-hippocampus
64
Q

explain the concept of lateralisation

A

the brain is roughly symmetrical

  • commisures connect hemishperes
  • corpus callosum is the largest
65
Q

explain why and how we get split brain patients

A

severe the corpus callosum

eg treatment of epilepsy

66
Q

what mistake does a split brain patient make

A

what he sees, the left hemisphere sees the object on the right and can verbalise it
the right hemisphere can see the item on the left side of the screen but cannot verbalize it. however if asked to chose and pick up an object that matches it, he will pick up the correct object even though he cant say it

67
Q

name four types of imaging uused in psychology

A

MRI
PET
fMRI
EEG - this one isnt actually imaging but electrical measurement

68
Q

explain PET scans

A

positron emission tomography

  • blood flow increases in areas of the brain activated by a cognitive task
  • radioactive tracker is injected into person’s bloodstream
  • measures signal from tracer at each location of the brain
  • higher signals indicate higher levels of brain activity
69
Q

how do we understand data from neuroimaging

A

subtraction technique - look at the brain activity before and during stimulation
difference determins which areas of the brain were active during manipulation

70
Q

really simple how does fMRI work and what is its benefits

A

subtraction technique
measures blood flow through magnetic properties of oxygen
advantage is no tracer is needed

71
Q

how does EEG work

one advantage and one disadvantage

A

electroencephologram
neuron firing is an electrical event
measure electrical activity on the scalp to make inferences about the underlying brain activity
averaged over a lagre number of trials to calculated ERPs (event related potentials)
continuous and rapid measurements
does not give precise location

72
Q

what do CT and MRI scans do

A

detect brain structures, not activity

73
Q

what is the best way to use neuroimaging techniques

A

combine them
EEG timing
fMRI location

74
Q

what is TMS

A

transcranial magnetic stimulation

75
Q

what area responds specifically to faces

A

fusiform face area

-temporal lobe

76
Q

what does damage t fusiform face area result in

A

prosopagnosia - inability to recognise faces

77
Q

what part of the brain responds specifically to places

A

parahippocampal place area

temporal lobe

78
Q

what part of the brain responds specifically to pictures of bodies and parts of bodies

A

extrastriate body area

occipital lobe

79
Q

what does Broca’s area do and where in the brain is it

A

language production

frontal lobe

80
Q

what does Wernicke’s area do and where in the brain is it

A

language comprehension

temporal lobe

81
Q

explain the makeup of the cerebral cortex

A

primary projection areas of the cortex - motor and sensory, the greater the precision of the place, the more brain area devoted to it
the association areas (75% of the cortex) - creates associations between simple ideas and sensations

82
Q

what is aprazia

A

movement disorder

83
Q

what is agnosia

A

problems idetifying objects

84
Q

what is aphasia

A

language deficit

85
Q

what is neglect sydrome

A

ignoring half the visual world

86
Q

what is prefrontal damage

A

problems with planning, strategic thinking and inhibitioninhibition

87
Q

why do we look at damage to the cortex

A

becuase it helps us understand it best

88
Q

what are neurons

A

cells specialized to receive and transmit information in the nervous system

89
Q

what do the glia cells do

A 
guide development of nervous system
repair damage
control nutrient flow
electrical insulation speeds signal
glia outnumber neurons 10 to 1
90
Q

what is the nerve net theory

A

early theory that the brain is a network of physically connected neurons

91
Q

what is the golgi stain technique

A

stains only 1 % of neurons meaning we can see them

92
Q

what did ramon y cajal do with golgi staining

A

used the technique and young neural tissue to show the detailed structure of neurons - disproved the network theory

93
Q

what is the job of the cell body

A

contains mechanisms to keep the cell alive

94
Q

what is the role of the axon

A

a tube filled with fluid that transmits electrical signal to other neurons

95
Q

what is the role of the dendrites

A

multiple branches reaching from the cell body, which recieve information from other neurons

96
Q

how do neurons commuicate

A

action potentials
-neuron receives input from other cells that cause it to fire
information travels down axon to the dendrites of another neuron

97
Q

what do we measure about action potentials

A

size of the potential is not measured as tends to stay relatively constant
the rate of firing is measured
-low intensitites = slow firing
high intensitites = fast firing

98
Q

what is a synapse

A

space between axon of one neuron and dendrite of another

99
Q

what happens at synapses

A

action potentials reach the end of the synapse
synaptic vesicles open and release chemical neurotransmitters
neurotransmitters cross the synapse and bind with the receiveing dendrites

100
Q

define neurotransmitters

A

chemicals that affect the electical signal of the receiving neuron

101
Q

name the two types of neurotransmitter (name only)

A

excitatoy

inhibitory

102
Q

explain what an excitatory neurotransmitter does

give an example

A

increases the chance a neuron will fire
glutamate
dopamine

103
Q

explain what an inhibitory neurotransmitter does

give an example

A

decreases the chance a neuron will fire
GABA
dopamine

104
Q

how do neurons process information

A

action potentials will only result if the threshold level is reached
-1000s of synases on a single neuron - average of all input s determines whether it will fire

PSYC 105 - cognition (11 decks)

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