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Cognitive Psychology > Perception > Flashcards

Perception Flashcards

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1
Q

what is visual perception

A

the ability to determine the surfaces in the surrounding environment and make interpretations about them

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2
Q

how do we interpret our environment

A

by receiving light in the visible spectrum reflected by objects in the environment and giving meaning to this information

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3
Q

what is object perception

A
  • quickly determine what is and what is not an object

* finding your way around

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4
Q

what is depth perception

A

assess the distance object is away

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5
Q

what is motion perception

A

workout whether object is moving towards you/away from you

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6
Q

what does object perception require

A

*interpretation of information form the retina

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7
Q

what is perception a form of

A

problem solving

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8
Q

when id Gestalt psychology begin

A

in the early 20th centur

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9
Q

what do Gestalt psychologists perceive objects as

A

well-organised patterns rather than separate and individual components

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10
Q

what is Gestalt psychology based on

A

the concept of grouping

  • organisation of single elements and features into a coherent whole
  • the whole is greater than the sum of its part
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11
Q

what does Gestalt Psychologists say about the unified whole

A

that its different from the sums of the parts

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12
Q

what is Gestalt organisation a tool for

A

aiding solving item detection

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13
Q

when is Gestalt organisation detected

A

early in visual processing

*are automatic so difficult to get your head around

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14
Q

what does Gestalt organisation aid

A

the segmentation of objects in a scene

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15
Q

Infants and Gestalt psychology

A

infants show tendency to follow some Gestalt organisation principles

  • others are acquired during later child hood
  • exploration and assimilation
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16
Q

what do we do to stimuli

A

we impose visual organisation on stimuli

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17
Q

Gestalt principles of visual perception - laws of grouping

A

gestalt laws of grouping organise the visual scene into units

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18
Q

Gestalt principles of visual perception - goodness of figure

A

goodness of figure (Law of Pragnanz) creates the simplest most meaningful pattern

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19
Q

Gestalt principles of visual perception - figure/ground relationships

A

figure/ground relationships define important parts of the scene

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20
Q

Gestalt grouping principle - A-G

A 
A. proximity
B. colour
C. size
D. orientation
E. shape
F. closure
G. symmetry
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21
Q

how do Gestalt features aid segmentation into items?

A

the proximity principle

*group items/inputs which are spatially close to each other

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22
Q

how else could you group items

A

lightness, colour, size, orientation, common region, connectedness

*similar motion behaviour (common fate) is also a factor…

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23
Q

what are other Gestalt Features

A
  • information interpretation
  • texture segregation
  • pop-out and emergence
  • perception and top-down influence
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24
Q

what is information interpretation

A
  • constructive perception
  • process is quick
  • allows fast responses and decisions
  • but sometimes contradictory/wrong…
  • optical illusions
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25
Q

what are the biological implications of perception

A
  • increased no. of celss in the fovea
  • 140,000 cone cells in each square mm
  • no rods in the fovea

*cones sensitive to colour

  • rods more sensitive to light
  • no role in colour
  • can respond to a single photon
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26
Q

what is eye movements role in perception

A

eye movements direct the fovea

  • improve vision of particular area of visual field
  • constant eye position - fixation
  • eye movement - saccade
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27
Q

whats covert attentions role in perception

A

allows detection of info not in the fovea

*planning of next eye movement

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28
Q

what is attention shifts role in perception

A

attention shifts always precedes an eye movement

*but not vice versa

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29
Q

what are the two types of factor that affect deployment of attention

A
  • stimulus-driven
  • top-down
  • they interact to aid object detection
30
Q

what is a stimulus-driven factor

A
  • flashing light
  • on-rushing object/rhino
  • bright object
31
Q

what is a top-down factor

A
  • what you are interested in

* what you are looking for

32
Q

what is motion perception

A

out brains can detect changes in patterns of light over time and space

33
Q

how does our brain perceive motion

A

though out brain is sensitive to motion it cannot detect all forms - motions can be too slow or too fast for us to perceive

34
Q

motion perception is relative

A
  • it is v hard to perceive whether a single dot in a dark room is moving or not unless the motion is very fast
  • as soon as a second dot is added it is much easier to perceive the motion
35
Q

when do further complications occur in the relative nature of motion perception

A

when one has a moving surround within a surround

36
Q

what is the aperture problem

A

where viewing of motion is restricted it is impossible to fully determine the direction a motion signal

37
Q

the kinetic depth effect - Wallach and O’Connell (1953)

A
  • ps observed image of a piece of twisted wire
  • when static - appeared to be a 2D form of its shadow
  • its £D structure was immediately obvious as the wire was rotated
38
Q

motion on the retina and £D objects

A

motion on the retina is a rich source of cues as to the 3D structure of an object as it moves through space

39
Q

motion

A

motion is one way we can distinguish living from non-living things from their distinct movement patterns

40
Q

the brain and motion

A

the brain is remarkably good at using motion info to identify animals and animal behaviours

41
Q

what is apparent motion

A

the (illusory) impression of smooth motion resulting from the rapid alteration of objects appearing in different locations i rapid succession

42
Q

what is the motion correspondence problem

A
  • working out what went where..
  • all logically possible motion trajectories
  • the brain uses a set of rules to determine correspondence such as proximity is space and time
43
Q

how can motion perception sometimes be induced

A

by eye movements or by fatigue or low-level receptors

44
Q

what is motion a useful cue for

A

determining surfaces and grouping and detection and identification of other animals

45
Q

when is motion perceived

A

where objects onset in sequence (apparent motion)

46
Q

what does motion perception require

A

the brain to impose rules (the correspondence problem)

47
Q

what are two types of ocular cues - how does the brain work out how far away things are

A
  • accommodation

* convergence

48
Q

what is accomodation

A

the lens of the eye contracts when an object is near, to maintain focus
*monocular cue

49
Q

what is convergence

A

the eyes turn inwards (or converge) as something is close to us
*binocular cue

50
Q

where is visual info processed - stereopsis

A
  • in the occipital lobes
  • via LGN
  • spatial configuration maintain (retinotopic)
  • upside down

BUT each side of the visual field projects tp the contralateral hemisphere
-one side of one eye linked to the opposite hemisphere to the other side

51
Q

two different images from each retina - stereopsis

A
  • 2 different images from each retina
  • images projected to separate hemispheres
  • eyes are 6cm apart
  • 2 images are different
  • brain can combine them into a single coherent object - “cyclopian perception”
  • comparison process
  • differences tell the brain about depth
52
Q

distance of item calculated - stereopsis

A
  • communication across the corpus callosum

* the greater the convergence, the closer the object is

53
Q

where is stereopsis used

A
  • 3D cinemas
  • different coloured lens
  • lens with different polarities
  • different images

*stereograms (“magic eye” pictures)

54
Q

Motion parallax - kinetic cues

A
  • inferred from the difference in information received by both eyes
  • closer objects move faster
  • relative motion of stationary objects against a background
55
Q

looking out a train window.. - kinetic cues

A
  • nearby things pass quickly

* far off objects appear stationary

56
Q

what is optic flow - kinetic cues

A

the impression of visual information moving towards or away from us as we move through space

  • pattern or apparent motion
  • perception of movement
57
Q

what do changes in our position result in - kinetic cues

A

a displacement in the optic array

58
Q

objects in motion become smaller or larger… - kinetic cues

A
  • appear to recede into the distance or move farther away

* increase in size as they come closer

59
Q

kinetic depth perception

A

*infer 3D structural form

60
Q

what is Gibson - kinetic cues

A
  • possibilities for action

* unique, unambiguous interpretation of 3D motion and depth

61
Q

Optic array - kinetic cues

A

optic array is a 3D bundle of light rays

  • all info reaching the retina
  • ‘texture’ of this array - distance,speed
62
Q

what as some kinetic cues

A
  • cues from personal movement
  • landing a plane
  • getting up
  • moving left to right
63
Q

what are 8 pictoral cues

A 
1 perspectives
2 relative size
3 familiar size 
4 aerial perspective
5 superposition/occusion
6 texture gradient
7 elevation
8 lighting and shading
64
Q

perspective - pictoral cues

A
  • parallel lines converging at infinity
  • reconstruct the relative distance of 2 parts of an object
  • or of landscape features
65
Q

relative size - pictoral cues

A
  • same size objects

* those that look larger see closer

66
Q

familiar size - pictorial cues

A
  • distance of object you see everyday

* relative size of object on retina - distance object away

67
Q

aerial perspective - pictorial cues

A
  • light scattering by the atmosphere
  • objects far away appear more hazy and bluer
  • this can be taken as an indication of distance
68
Q

superposition/occlusion - pictorial cues

A
  • objects are blocked by those in front of them

* not always correct

69
Q

texture gradient - pictorial cues

A

*things further away tend to be more ‘densely packed together’

70
Q

elevation - pictorial cues

A

objects closer to the horizon are further away

71
Q

lighting and shading - pictorial cues

A

shape of objects and position in space

72
Q

what is required for survival

A

speedy processing of visual info

Cognitive Psychology (7 decks)

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