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consciousness Flashcards

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1
Q

what is conciousness

A

sensory awareness of the environment

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2
Q

access consciousness - Block 1995

A

being aware of something - we are unable to name it/remember it ect.

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3
Q

phenomenal consciousness - Block 1995

A

refers to the experiential aspects - what it feels like to taste chocolate eg

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4
Q

conscious - freud

A

thoughts and feelings we are aware of

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5
Q

preconscious - freud

A

material you are not currently aware of but which is readily available

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6
Q

unconscious - freud

A

material which is unavailable to consciousness under most circumstances

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7
Q

non-conscious - frued

A

refers to bodily processes which cannot be experienced through sensory awareness

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8
Q

structuralists - wudnt - introspection

A

understand components of consciousness eg the smell of a rose

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9
Q

behaviourists - watson

A

concept of consciousness should be eliminated from psychology - criticising the value of introspection in psyc

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10
Q

hypnosis

A

altered state of consciousness in which people are suggestible and behave as though they are in a trance

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11
Q

where else is hypnosis used

A

by dentists and doctors as an anaesthetic

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12
Q

how do psychologists use hypnosis

A

to help clients reduce anxiety, overcome fears or lessen perception of chronic pain

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13
Q

how do the police use hypnosis

A

to prompt memories of witness

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14
Q

5 key questions in consciousness research

A
  1. altered states of consciousness
  2. role of attention
  3. importance of unconscious processes
  4. the hard problem
  5. cognitive neuropsychology
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15
Q

what is the ‘hard problem’ - chalmers 1995

A

the question of how physical processes un the brain give rise to subjective experiences

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16
Q

how is cognitive neuropsychology a key question in consciousness research

A

effects of brain damage -

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17
Q

automatic cognitive processes

A

relatively unconscious - we have little awareness of their operation

  • no capacity limitations
  • dont require attention
  • very hard to modify once learned
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18
Q

controlled cognitive processes

A

associated with conscious awareness of what is being processed

  • limited capacity
  • require attention
  • can be used flexibly in changing circumstances
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19
Q

what is cognitive research interested in

A

cognitive correlates of consciousness

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20
Q

what doesnt cognitive research explain

A

conscious experience but aids our understanding of the role of consciousness in cognition

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21
Q

what cognitive processes are associated with consciousness - cognitive research

A

selective attention - by focussing ones consciousness on a particular stimulus and ignoring others we become aware of items attended to

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22
Q

what is selective attention

A

being able to focus ones auditory attention on a particular stimulus while filtering out a range of other stimuli
eg cocktail party effect - being able to tune into one person

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23
Q

what type of stimuli capture out attention resulting in availability to consciousness

A
  • sudden changes
  • novel stimuli
  • intense stimuli
  • repetitive stimuli
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24
Q

when do models of selective attention differ

A

when material is selected for attention

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25
Q

early selection models

A

very little information about stimulus is processed before selection occurs - eg braodbent filter model

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26
Q

late selection models

A

more information eg semantics is produced before selection occurs

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27
Q

what did broadbent - filter model use

A

dichotic listening task - three digits presented to each ear

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28
Q

what did participants have to do in broadbents filter model

A

write down as many digits as possible done in one of two ways - ear-by-ear or pair-by-pair

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29
Q

what did broadbents filter model find

A

better recall ear-by-ear than pair-by-pair

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30
Q

what was the conclusion of broadbents filter model

A

attention can only be focused on one channel of information at a time and switching channels is difficult

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31
Q

what is the flow of the filter model - broadbent 4

A
  1. info to sensory organs
  2. stored in sensory memory
  3. filter allows only attended info to pass for further processing
  4. passed onto working memory (STM) and communicates with (LTM)
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32
Q

early selection model - processing

A

only sensory info processed before attentional filter

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33
Q

moray 1959

A

*ps told to switch attention from one ear to the other during dichotic listening task

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34
Q

what did moray find

A

were unable transfer attention from one ear to the other when given a verbal instruction to unattended ear

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35
Q

what would broadbent say about morays findings

A

that this info should have never been unattended - early selection based on physical characteristics of stimulus - hence meaning (instruction) should not be processed by unattended ear

36
Q

attenuation model of selective attention - treisman 1960

A
  • early selection model

* BUT unattended material can get through in a weakened (attenuated) form

37
Q

threshold mechanism - attenuation model of selective attention

A

some info (based on semantic importance) may grab ones attention from unattended stream

38
Q

lowered threshold - attenuation model of selective attention

A

for things like ones own name, words like ‘fire’

39
Q

visual perception

A

assumption that visual perception is a conscious process

-we are consciously aware of the objects we are looking at

40
Q

change blindness

A

inability to notice that an object has moved,changes/disappeared

*no conscious awareness of large changes in the visual scene

41
Q

inattentional blindness - Simons & Chabris 1999

A
  • gorilla interrupts teams passing ball
  • asked to count no. of passes made by one team
  • 50% dont notice the woman in gorilla costume
42
Q

Simons & Chabris - gorilla costume was black - % of detected passes made by white team

A

42%

43
Q

Simons & Chabris - gorilla costume was black - % of detected passes made by black team

A

83%

44
Q

mere exposure effect

A

prefer stimuli we have encountered before even if we are unaware of previous encounters

45
Q

kunst-wilson & zajonc 1990 - procedure - perception without awareness

A
  • novel black and white patterns presented too quickly for p’s to be aware of them
  • later presented pairs of patterns (1 new,1 old)
46
Q

kunst-wilson & zajonc 1990 - perception without awareness - what was p’s preference

A

chose old patterns even though they showed no conscious recognition of old patterns in explicit memory test

47
Q

kunst-wilson & zajonc 1990 - perception without awareness - unconscious encounter

A

unconscious encounter with patterns changed their emotional responses to them (even with no conscious memory for them)

48
Q

Vicar 1957 - subliminal perception

A
  • flashed ‘eat popcorn, drink Coca-Cola’ for 1/300th sec during cinema film
  • claimed 18% increase Coca-Cola sales, 58% popcorn??
49
Q

was Vicar 1957 - subliminal perception evidence of perception without awareness

A
  • too fast to be consciously seen, but evidence of behavioural change???
  • however film (Picnic) contained scenes of eating/ drinking

Could this explain sales increases?

50
Q

Persaud & Mcleos 08 - perception without awareness - method

A
  • presented ‘b’ or ‘h’ for 10ms (short duration) or 15ms (long) duration
  • Instructed to respond with letter that has not been presented
51
Q

Persaud & Mcleos 08 - what did it examine

A

*willingness to bet on accuracy of their decisions
if consciously aware of letter, they should be willing to bet!

*Much more willing to bet with longer presentation even though they were generally correct even with shorter duration

52
Q

Persaud & Mcleos 08 - generally correct responses suggested that

A

some processing of shorter duration stimulus had occurred, however unwillingness to bet on accuracy suggests they were unaware of it.

53
Q

what did merikle et al o1 conclude about perception without conscious awareness

A

‘some processing of shorter duration stimulus had occurred, however unwillingness to bet on accuracy suggests they were unaware of it.

54
Q

what are Merikle,Smilek & Eastwoods two main thresholds for conscious awareness of a visual stimulus

A

subjective threshold

objective threshold

55
Q

subjective threshold

A

defined by an individuals failure to report conscious awareness of a stimulus

56
Q

objective threshold

A

defined by an individuals ability to make accurate forced choice decisions about a stimulus

  • often show awareness of a stimulus assessed by objective threshold even when the stimulus does not exceed subjective threshold
57
Q

Erdelyi 1974 - perception without conscious awareness

A

Perception involves multiple processing stages/mechanisms with consciousness possibly representing the final stage of processing

*Hence a stimulus can receive sufficient perceptual processing to influence at least some aspects of behaviour without conscious perceptual experience

58
Q

what is the challenge for researchers in terms of perception

A

need to develop more detailed theoretical accounts of unconsious/conscious perception

59
Q

implicit memory

A

revealed by changes in performance on specially designed tests

60
Q

Tulving, Schacter & Stark 1982 - implicit memory - procedure

A

gave lists of multi-syllabled rare words (e.g. ‘toboggan’) to participants.

*1hr or 1 week later completed a Fragment Completion Task: fill in blanks e.g. O_O_GA.

61
Q

Tulving, Schacter & Stark 1982 - implicit memory - results

A

Participants unaware 50% solutions in list they were given earlier

*Repetition-priming effect - more correct solutions for items in earlier list

62
Q

evidence for implicit memory being unrelated to explicit memory

A
  • Recognition worse after 1 week than 1 hour,

* Fragment completion unaffected by time

63
Q

implicit memory in amnesic patients

A
  • often show impaired declarative memory (semantic and episodic) but intact procedural memory
  • ability to learn new skills without remembering learning them
64
Q

reading mirror-reversed script - implicit memory in amnesics - Cohen & Squire - general improvements

A

practice: increased speed

65
Q

reading mirror-reversed script - implicit memory in amnesics - Cohen & Squire - - specific improvements

A

re-reading same text

*BUT no explicit memory for previous trials

66
Q

neuropsychological patients

A

showed deficits in episodic and semantic memory BUT motor skills acquires at normal rate

67
Q

neuropsychological patients and mirror tracing

A

improvement with practice (procedural memory)

*no conscious awareness of having performed the task in the past

68
Q

amnesics

A

*reasonably good learning of sensorimotor and perceptual skills

69
Q

amnesics and skill learning (procedural memory)

A

intact

70
Q

Graf, Squire & Mandler 1984 - implicit memory in amnesics - part 1

A

rate how much liked words on a list

71
Q

Graf, Squire & Mandler 1984 - implicit memory in amnesics - part 2

A

Memory test: 3 tests of explicit memory (free-recall, recognition memory & cued-recall) and 1 test of implicit memory (fragment completion) – e.g. STR_ _ (e.g. STRAP, STRIP)

72
Q

Graf, Squire & Mandler 1984 - implicit memory in amnesics - examined

A

priming effects = extent word completions taken from lists in part one

73
Q

Graf, Squire & Mandler 1984 - implicit memory in amnesics - results

A

amnesics worse on explicit but not implicit memory tasks

74
Q

neuropsychology evidence

A

study of brain damaged patients with a partial lack of conscious awareness

75
Q

Farah 01 - neuropsychological evidencd

A

‘what is different or missing in a patient who perceives without awareness, compared to a normal person who perceives with awareness’

76
Q

prosopagnosia

A

condition in which familiar faces cannot be recognised consciously but common objects can however often evidence of subconscious recognition of faces

77
Q

Young, Hellawell and de Haan (1988) - Prosopagnosics

A

decide as quickly as possible whether names familiar or not

78
Q

Young, Hellawell and de Haan (1988) - Prosopagnosics - related priming faces

A

Performed more rapidly when presented with related priming face immediately before target name, even though they couldn’t recognise the face overtly

79
Q

Young, Hellawell and de Haan (1988) - Prosopagnosics - covert recognition

A

larger skin conductance response (reflects physiological arousal) to familiar faces than unfamiliar ones even when overt recognition is at chance.

80
Q

spatial neglect

A

Typically found after brain damage in the right parietal lobe, often as the result of a stroke (NB/ Information from left visual field goes to right hemisphere, whereas information from right visual field goes to left hemisphere).

81
Q

neglect patients with damage to right hemisphere

A

do not notice (or fail to respond to) objects presented to the left (contralateral) side.

82
Q

blindsight

A
  • Damage to V1 (primary visual cortex) results in loss of conscious perception in parts of the visual field
  • However can make some accurate judgments/discriminations about stimuli presented to ‘blind’ area
83
Q

blindsight - Weiskrantz (1986)

A

Patient DB, blind in lower left quadrant of visual field. He could detect stimulus presented to this blind area/ its location BUT had no conscious experience (couldn’t say what it was!)

84
Q

blindsight - Weiskrantz (1986) - results on guessing stimuli

A

If he was made to guess what the stimulus was he was generally correct! When shown he was correct (item in right visual field) - expressed surprise & insisted he thought he was just ‘guessing’.

85
Q

blindsight - Weiskrantz (1986) - pathways from eye to brain

A

There are at least 10 pathways from eye to the brain, some of which can be used by blindsight patients.

Cognitive Psychology (7 decks)

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