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Cognitive Psychology > Origins of Cognitive Psychology > Flashcards

Origins of Cognitive Psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

wundt 1879

A
  • structuralist approach
  • structure of the mind
  • components of consciosness
  • Introspection
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2
Q

William James 1800

A
  • functionalist approach
  • functions of conscious activity NOT components of consciousness
  • Function of thought = behaviour
  • study of mental operations not structures
  • emphasis on overt, observable behaviours
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3
Q

John B Watson 1919

A
  • introspection - seen as subjective

* behaviour - objective

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4
Q

what was cognitive psychology developed in response too

A

the perceived limitations of the behaviourist approach

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5
Q

key events on cognitive psychology

A
  • Chomsky (1956) – theory of language
  • Miller (1956) – theory of capacity of short term memory
  • Newell & Simon (1958) – theory of human problem solving
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6
Q

cognitive psychology

A

understanding human cognition through behavioural evidence - experiments

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7
Q

cognitive neuroscience

A

using behaviour and the brain to understand human cognition - recording brain activity

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8
Q

cognitive neuropsychology

A

studying brain-damaged patients to understand normal human cognition

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9
Q

computational cognitive science

A

using computational models to understand cognition

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10
Q

information processing approach sees human information processing as

A

akin to that of a computer

data - inputted, stored and retrieved

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11
Q

what is human information processing influenced by

A

bottom up and top down processing

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12
Q

what are bottom-up processes influenced by

A

environmental stimuli

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13
Q

what are top-down processes influenced by

A

internal subjective factors

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14
Q

what was the early assumption about information processing

A

that it is serial

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15
Q

serial processing

A

one process completed before moving onto the next

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16
Q

parallel processing

A

two or more cognitive processes that occur at the same time

*will increase with practice

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17
Q

strengths of cognitive psychology (approach)

A

first systematic approach to understanding human cognition

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18
Q

strengths of cognitive psychology (theories)

A

led to numerous theories and tasks which have been adopted by other approaches

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19
Q

weaknesses of cognitive psychology (validity)

A

lacks ecological validity

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20
Q

weaknesses of cognitive psychology (evidence)

A

indirect evidence of the underlying processes (speed/accuracy)

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21
Q

weaknesses of cognitive psychology (test)

A

theories often hard to test

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22
Q

weaknesses of cognitive psychology (paradigms)

A

findings often paradigm-specific (aging and PM)

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23
Q

weaknesses of cognitive psychology (theoretical framework)

A

lack overarching theoretical framework of cognition

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24
Q

egs of cognitive neuropsychology

A
  • localisation of brain cognition - Brocas area
  • modal model of memory - info transferred from one store to the next
  • shallice and warrington - brain damaged patient -no short term memory but LTM was still intact
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25
Q

cognitive neuropsychology assumptions (functional modulartity)

A

independent processing units in the brain

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26
Q

cognitive neuropsychology assumptions (domain specificity)

A

respond to only one class of stimul

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27
Q

cognitive neuropsychology assumptions (anatomical modularity)

A

each module is located in a specific brain region

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28
Q

cognitive neuropsychology assumptions (uniformity of functional architecture across people)

A

allow us to generalise findings to normal human cognition

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29
Q

single dissociation

A
  • not necessarily indicative of modularity

* one task might be more difficult than other

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30
Q

double dissociation

A

*provides reasonable evidence of at least partial independence/modularity

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31
Q

strengths of cognitive neuropsychology (dissociations)

A

double dissociations provide strong evidence for modularity

32
Q

strengths of cognitive neuropsychology (causal links)

A

causal links shown between brain damage and cognitive performance

33
Q

strengths of cognitive neuropsychology (study)

A

especially important in the study if language/memory

34
Q

strengths of cognitive neuropsychology (links)

A

link between cognitive psychology and cognitive neuroscience

35
Q

weaknesses of cognitive neuropsychology (modularity)

A

assumption of modularity is too strong

36
Q

weaknesses of cognitive neuropsychology (compensation)

A

patients develop compensatory strategies

37
Q

weaknesses of cognitive neuropsychology (brain damage)

A

brain damage often affects several modules

38
Q

weaknesses of cognitive neuropsychology (interconnections)

A

de-emphasises interconnections between cognitive processes

39
Q

weaknesses of cognitive neuropsychology (plasticity)

A

ignores plasticity

40
Q

weaknesses of neuropsychology (generalisability)

A

individual differences make it difficult to generalise

41
Q

Brodmann

A
  • cognitive neuroscience
  • identified 52 different areas
    eg. primary visual cortex
42
Q

single-unit recordings (cognitive neuroscience)

A

micro-electrode records activity of single neurons

43
Q

event-related potentials (ERPs) (cognitive neuroscience)

A

same/similar stimulus presented and pattern of brain activity

44
Q

what are ERPs good for

A

working out timings

45
Q

what are ERPs less good for

A

spatial resolution

46
Q

positron emission tomography (PET) (cognitive neuroscience)

A

detects positrons (emitted from radioactive substance)

47
Q

what are PESs good for

A

spatial resolution

48
Q

what are PETs poor for

A

temporal resolution

49
Q

functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) (cognitive neuroscience)

A

measures bloody oxygenation using MRI machine

50
Q

what are fMRIs good for

A

spatial and temporal resolution

51
Q

Haxby et al (cognitive neuroscience)

A
  • used fMRI
  • allowed researchers to identify category viewed on 96% of trials when ps looked at pictures of different categories eg cats, faces…)
52
Q

Falk et al (cognitive neuroscience)

A
  • quit smoking programme

* increased activity in medial prefrontal region predicted success of programme

53
Q

strengths of cognitive neuropsychology (combined techniques)

A

combination of techniques offer excellent spatial and/or temporal resolution

54
Q

strengths of cognitive neuroscience (specialisation and integration)

A

can study functional specialisation and brain integration

55
Q

weaknesses of cognitive neuroscience (relationships)

A

difficulty relating brain activation to cognitive theories

56
Q

weaknesses of cognitive neuroscience (underpowered)

A

provides only correlational evidence from a few patients

57
Q

weaknesses of cognitive neuroscience (validity)

A

lacks ecological validity

58
Q

weaknesses of cognitive neuroscience (paradigms)

A

problem of paradigm specificity

59
Q

computational modelling (computational cognitive science)

A

programming computers to model/mimic some aspects of human cognitive functioning

60
Q

artificial intelligence (computational cognitive science)

A

constructing computer systems that produce intelligent outcomes

61
Q

cognitive architectures (computational cognitive science)

A

domain general cognitive models - overall architecture of cognition

62
Q

Computational modelling - the issue of knowledge representation

A

1) what form does knowledge representation take?
2) where do these representations of knowledge reside within the human brain (or computer model)?
3) different assumptions by different types of computer models eg symbol systems vs connectionist models

63
Q

symbol systems

A

*cognitive processes involve explicit manipulation of symbols - mental representations

64
Q

how are objects represented (symbol systems)

A

objects are represented as symbols and are semantically interpretable

65
Q

how are connectionist networks inspired by the neuronal structure of the brain

A
  • brain consists of simple, richly connected cells
  • each receives many inputs - excitory and inhibitory
  • inputs summed and if threshold exceeded, output sent to other cells
66
Q

what do connectionist networks consist of

A

a set of simple, richly connected processing units

67
Q

what do connectionist networks receive

A

receive a number of inputs which it sums

68
Q

what does connectionist networks do with the produced sums

A

a single output is derived from the sum and broadcasted to other units

69
Q

how are the concepts represented in connectionist networks

A

through a distribution of activation

70
Q

strengths of computational modelling (theoretical assumptions)

A

theoretical assumptions spelt out in precise detail in order to model cognition

71
Q

strengths of computational modelling (distributed knowledge)

A

notion of distributed knowledge empirically supported

72
Q

strengths of computational modelling (parallel processing)

A

emphasis on parallel processing fits with current evidence

73
Q

strengths of computational modelling (brain damage)

A

often lesion models to examine effects of brain damage

74
Q

weaknesses of computational modelling (neurological plausibility)

A

models arent neurologically plausible

75
Q

weaknesses of computational modelling (factors)

A

de-emphasises motivational and emotional factos

Cognitive Psychology (7 decks)

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