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Cognitive Psychology > Language > Flashcards

Language Flashcards

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1
Q

linguistics

A

analyse the structure of language

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2
Q

psychology

A

concerned with the processes involved in language comprehension and production

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3
Q

pscholinguistics

A

studies the psychological processes involved in language - studies how the brain processes language

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4
Q

orthography

A

accepted use of symbols to represent spoken language - symbols differ and writing systems can represent spoke language at different levels *word *syllabic *phoneme level

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5
Q

what do we mean by language (communication)

A

primary means of communication and is universal

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6
Q

what do we mean by language (complexity)

A

involves mastering a large and complex linguistic system

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7
Q

what do we mean by language (levels)

A

it is structured at multiple levels

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8
Q

what do we mean by language (creativity)

A

it is productive and creative

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9
Q

does language = communication

A

no - we can communicate without spoken language eg eye-gaze control

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10
Q

production of language

A

1) think of something to say
2) select words that express that thought
3) arrange those words into a sequence
4) pronounce the sequence of words

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11
Q

comprehension of language

A

1) identify the words that are spoken
2) understand the meaning of those words
3) analyze the order in which they are spoken
4) uncerstand the meaning of the entire utterance

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12
Q

order of levels of language

A

1) syntax
2) morphology
3) phonology

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13
Q

lexicon

A

words contained in language

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14
Q

syntax

A

structure and order of words

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15
Q

morphology

A

words and word formation

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16
Q

phonology

A

sounds within a language

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17
Q

pragmatics

A

the context in which we use language

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18
Q

semantics

A

explains the way the meaning of larger units like sentences and phrases are related to the meaning of the words in the sentences and phrases

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19
Q

grammar

A

a linguistic system comprising of:

  • syntax
  • morphology
  • phonology
  • semantics
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20
Q

what is grammar

A

a set of rules and principles which allow us to form and interpret words and sentences

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21
Q

the lexicon contains information about

A
  • phonological from
  • orthographic form
  • meaning
  • syntactic category
  • morphology
  • encyclopaedic knowledge
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22
Q

relationship between a words form and its meaning

A

is arbitrary

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23
Q

how are the sounds that words are made up of and how are they organised (phonology)

A
  • which sounds can occur together (phonotactics)
  • syllable structure
  • stress patterns
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24
Q

morphemes (morphology)

A
  • smallest unit of language that can convey meaning

* can be a single word eg and

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25
Q

morphemes (prefixes and suffixes)

A

many words can be split into parts which include the base or root word with additional affixes (ie prefixes and suffixes)

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26
Q

simple words (morphemes)

A

a single morpheme eg dog

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27
Q

complex words (morphemes)

A

2 or more morphemes (eg dogs)

*2 morphemes: base word = dog plus plural suffix -s)

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28
Q

sentence structure

A

sentences have synatctic structire and there are rules about which words can go where

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29
Q

syntactic rules

A

when we access a word in our mental lexicon we access not jus tits meaning but also information about its syntactic category and what other syntactic categories it can combine with

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30
Q

syntax

A

refers to the order of words in a sentence

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31
Q

syntax: word order (1)

A

to understand a sentence we need to identify:

  • the main action
  • the subject
  • the object
  • subject-verb-object
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32
Q

what is the english word order

A

SVO

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33
Q

what is the Japanese word order

A

SOV

34
Q

recursion

A

enables us to construct never ending sentences from a finite number of rules by embedding sentences inside bigger sentences

35
Q

what is pragmatics the study of

A

how we use language in social situations

36
Q

vervet monkey communication

A

different alarm calls for different situations

eg. snake = stand on hind legs and look around

37
Q

bee communication

A 
waggle dance (von Frisch)
*communicates the location of food which includes the direction ad distance of the food source
38
Q

communication

A

the transmission of a symbol to convey information

39
Q

language

A

a representational system

40
Q

OED

A

“the system of spoken or written communication used by a particular country, people, community etc, typically consisting of words sed with a regular grammatical and syntactic structure”

41
Q

Hockett (1960)

A
  • physical properties of spoken language
  • framework for evaluating how animal communication systems differ from human language
  • all communication systems have some of these features
  • some features are more important then others
42
Q

arbitrariness in language

A

in human language there is no natural connection between a words form and its meaning

43
Q

what is the exception to arbitrariness in the human language

A

onomatopoeic words eg pop

BUT animal cries are often linked to the meaning they express

44
Q

displacement

A

in human language we can talk about events that are not confined to the here and now

45
Q

animal communication and displacement

A

animal communication doesnt include displacement

ie. things that happen far away or yesterday

46
Q

creativity/openness (productivity)

A

the ability to create and understand new messages

47
Q

what is an important feature of productivity

A

recursion

48
Q

creativity/openness (productivity) in animals

A

animals have a fixed number of signals which are sent in certain situations

BUT - some evidence of productivity in bees’ waggle dance

49
Q

what are some of the features that separate human language from animal communication systems

A
  • semanticity
  • creativity/productivity
  • displacement
  • internationality
50
Q

features that separate human language from animal communication systems - creativity/productivity

A
  • syntactic and and morphological rules that allow symbols to be combined to express new meanings
51
Q

features that separate human language from animal communication systems - intentionality

A

speakers use language for the purpose of communicating

52
Q

features that separate human language from animal communication systems - semanticity

A

symbols (words) stand for something in the world

53
Q

clever Hans - Pfungst

A
  • horse who was taught to do a variety of tasks

* was possibly reacting to non-verbal cues from his trainer

54
Q

do animals have the potential to acquire language

A

yes with appropriate learning experiences - language learning is no different to learning other skills

55
Q

alex the parrot - pepperberg

A
  • claimed to have vocabulary of 150 words
  • could answer simple questions about objects
  • BUT limited linguistic knowledge
56
Q

Gua - Kellog & Kellog - chimpanzees

A
  • understood 70 words

* never produced any words

57
Q

Viki - Hayes & Hayes - chimpanzeezs

A
  • taught to say ‘mama’, ‘papa’, ‘cup’

* studies were hampered by physiology: chimps have a vocal tract that makes it difficult to produce speech

58
Q

Washoe - chimpanzees

A
  • attempts using an adapted version of American Sign Language (ASL) were more successful
  • taught a language based on ASL by having hands moulded into signs
  • all communication was by ASL
  • By age of 4 she could produce 85 signs and by the age of 20 - 240 signs
59
Q

Washoe - combined signing terms eg

A

‘washoe sorry’, ‘roger tickle’

60
Q

Washoe - generalised eg

A

‘more tickle’ to ‘more milk’

61
Q

Washoe - possibly showed productivity eg

A

‘water-bird’

62
Q

Nim - Terrace -chimpanzees

A
  • taught language based on ASL by having hands moulded into signs
  • learnt 125 signs in 44 months
  • able to use two,three,four sign utterances eg ‘eat drink eat drink’
  • BUT characterised by repetition and lacked rules of grammar or conversation
63
Q

Nim conclusion

A
  • Nim did not learn language
  • suggested Nim imitated his teachers to get rewards
  • imitation of gesture together with a random ‘utterance’ eg ‘you me banana me banana you’
64
Q

why use Bonobos monkeys

A

*bonobos vocalize in communication more frequently than common chips d and are highly social

65
Q

Kanzi - Bonobos

A
  • learned the artificial (Yerkish) he saw taught his mother on Lexigram board and was able to understand some spoken language
  • by 46 months had learned 50 symbols and his understanding of spoken english was comparable to a 2 year old child
66
Q

Kanzi - Bonobos info

A
  • was not explicitly taught the symbols - initially learned by watching his mother
  • much younger when he was first exposed to language than other chimps studies
  • his claimed semantic and syntactic abilities have been questioned
67
Q

summary: animal communication - vocan

A

limited vocabulary

68
Q

summary: animal communication - little evidence of

A
  • syntax
  • morphology
  • creativity
69
Q

summary: animal communication - some evidence of

A
  • displaced reference

* transmission of language to next generation

70
Q

why wasnt there more success in teaching chimps language

A
  • domain -specificity

* language must me learner though social interaction with others

71
Q

why not more success - domain-specificity

A

language is a specialised module that humans have and primates do not (nativist/generativist viewpoint)

72
Q

why no more success - language must be learned through social interactions with others

A

chimps ability to learn from others is limited - dont seem to collaborate

73
Q

Falculty of language recent debates - language has 2 components - Hauser,Chomsky & Fitch

A
  • Broad (FLB)

* Narrow (FLN)

74
Q

Broad (FLB) - language has 2 components

A

the capacity to acquire language - FLB is what distinguishes humans from animals but at the same time the biological capacity underlying the FLB is assumed to be shared with animals

75
Q

Narrow (FLN) - language has 2 components

A

is a subset of FLB that includes only those abilities that are unique to language and to humans

76
Q

FLN (Saxton)

A

aspects of language that are special to language

77
Q

FLB (Saxton)

A

mechanisms used for language but:

  • shared with non-human animals
  • not exclusive to linguistic abilities and processes
78
Q

different views of the FLN - Hausre et al

A

only one property of grammar is uniquely human : recursion

79
Q

different views of the FLN - Pinker & Jackendoff

A

a number of aspect of language are uniquely human including: speech perception, speech production, phonology, morphology and syntax

80
Q

final conclusions - animal communications

A

animal communications share some of the features of human language
BUT they are less complex than human language

81
Q

final conclusions - differences

A

there are clear differences in what aspects of language can be acquired and how they can be acquired

Cognitive Psychology (7 decks)

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