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PSYC1002 > Perception > Flashcards

Perception Flashcards

1
Q

sensation

A

how your senses transform physical properties of the environment and body into signals relayed to the brain

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2
Q

perception

A

process of organising, selecting, and interpreting these signals. determines what we believe is real

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3
Q

six senses for humans

A

vision, hearing, somatosensation, taste, smell (olfaction), vestibular

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4
Q

the problem of qualia

A

all our different senses transform their physical input into the same electrical impulses in the brain - why do we experience them as different senses?

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5
Q

problem of illusions

A

if our senses can make errors, how do we know what is real?

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6
Q

importance of illusions

A

provide insight into how perceptual systems break down

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7
Q

dimensionality problem of taste

A

there are so many different chemicals in the world, it is not possible to have receptors to detect all of them with a finite sized sense organ

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8
Q

papillae

A

gives the tongue its bumpy appearance. has 4 types

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9
Q

4 types of papillae

A

filiform, fungiform, foliate, (circum)vallate

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10
Q

we have an innate preference for

A

sweetness

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11
Q

super-tasters

A

some humans are genetically prone to have more fungiform taste receptors around the tip and sides of their tongue

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12
Q

super-tasters are more common among

A

asians, africans, and women

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13
Q

spicy is not

A

a taste

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14
Q

distance sense

A

smell provides info about chemicals suspended in the air around us

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15
Q

dogs vs humans

A

dogs have a much bigger olfactory bulb and nose, therefore bigger sample of air

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16
Q

adaptation

A

we cannot escape the smell of ourselves, so we are always in some state of olfactory adaptation

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17
Q

flavour =

A

taste + smell + temperature

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18
Q

pheromones

A

separate set of sensory receptor cells in many mammals’ noses to receive social and sexual info from members of their own species

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19
Q

two major subsystems of the “body senses”

A

somatosensory system, introception

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20
Q

somatosensory system =

A

touch and proprioception

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21
Q

introception

A

the sense of the physiological condition of the body

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22
Q

importance of touch

A

there is an intimate relationship between touch and emotions

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23
Q

dynamic sensitivity in skin senses

A

tactile afterimages, tactile adaption, active vs passive touch

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24
Q

tactile afterimages

A

texture contrast after effects (after touching something rough, a medium rough surface feels smoother)

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25
Q

tactile adaption

A

importance of movement in perceiving spatial patterns in the skin

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26
Q

active vs passive touch

A

the tactile system has evolved to perceive best when it is exploring

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27
Q

two subsystems of somatic sensory system

A

detection of mechanical stimuli, detection of pain and temperature

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28
Q

mechanosensory processing

A

detection of external stimuli, proprioceptors

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29
Q

proprioceptor

A

receptors located in muscles, joints and other deep structures, respond to position and movement

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30
Q

3 groups of receptors

A

mechanoreceptors, nociceptors, thermoceptors

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31
Q

nociceptors

A

terminate in unspecialised free endings, so categorised according to the properties of the axons associated to them. three classes

32
Q

thermoceptors

A

not understood very well, sensation of hot and cold

33
Q

two types of touch fibres

A

rapidly adapting and slowly adapting

34
Q

rapidly adapting touch fibres

A

info about change or dynamical quality of stimuli. meissner corpuscles, pacinian corpuscles

35
Q

meissner corpuscles (type of rapidly adapting touch fibres)

A

elongated receptors that contain one or more afferent nerve fibres that generate action potentials following minimal skin depression. found beneath epidermis of fingers, palms, soles of feet

36
Q

pacinian corpuscles (type of rapidly adapting touch fibres)

A

large encapsualtions and found in subcutaneous tissue and gut

37
Q

slowly adapting touch fibres

A

info about shape, edges, rough texture, persisting features. merkel disks and ruffini organ

38
Q

merkel disks (type of slowly adapting touch fibres)

A

located in the epidermis. 25% in hand

39
Q

ruffini organ (type of slowly adapting touch fibres)

A

arent well understood. elongated spindle structures located deep in the skin, ligaments, and tendons

40
Q

hyperalgesia

A

abnormally heightened sensitivity to pain

41
Q

the vestibular system of the ear

A

assists with the control of gaze and posture

42
Q

the inner ear contains

A

sensory structures with receptor cells that detect gravitational forces, including angular and linear head accelerations in space

43
Q

the vestibular sense organs

A

the labyrinth of each ear houses 5 sensory organs which provide input to the vestibular system. three semicircular canals and two otoliths

44
Q

spinning

A

feelings after spinning relate to the effect of fluid flowing into the semicircular canals, which bends the cupula and underlying hair cells

45
Q

benign paroxysmal positional vertigo

A

mechanical problem in the inner ear occurs when calcium carbonate crystals become dislodged and move

46
Q

sound as a wave - transverse waves

A

electromagnetic waves e.g. light vibrations through solids and liquids. longitudinal waves - sound waves and perception

47
Q

sound and perception

A

amplitude, frequency, purity

48
Q

the middle ear

A

transmits the eardrum’s vibrations to the oval window, which transmits them through the fluid-filled cochlea. consists of the ossicles and perilymphatic fluid

49
Q

the ossicles consists of

A

the three smallest bones in the human body - malleus, inus, stapes

50
Q

the inner ear consists of

A

semicircular canals and the cochlea

51
Q

cochlea

A

vibrations at oval window cause basilar membrane to wiggle. the output of the cochlea is transmitted to the brain through the auditory nerve

52
Q

how does the basilar membrane wiggle

A

the whole thing moves at once like a diaphragm. problem with this = the basilar membrane varies in thickness and stiffness

53
Q

phase-locking

A

occurs for frequencies under 4kHz

54
Q

2 cues to the frequencies in a sound

A

the place of excitation in the cochlea, frequency of firing

55
Q

three main sources of info about sound localisation

A

interaural intensity differences, interaural time differences, spectral info

56
Q

three stages of vision

A

form an image, transduce light energy into electrical impulses, transmit this info to the brain for interpretation

57
Q

image formation

A

light is an electromagnetic wave

58
Q

types of eyes

A

compound (flies), convex mirrors (sea scallops), concave mirrors, pinhole, single chambered (humans)

59
Q

refraction

A

light bending when the optical density changes

60
Q

hyperopia

A

eye too short (far sighted) - hyperopia connected

61
Q

myopia

A

eye too long (short sighted) - myopia connected

62
Q

accommodation

A

lens accommodation allows us to adjust our focus on objects at different distances

63
Q

photoreceptors

A

duplicity theory of vision. use two different classes of photosensitive receptors that operate in different luminance regimes

64
Q

mechanisms of light adaption

A

pupil dilation/contraction, isomeristion of the photopigments

65
Q

retinal distribution of rods and cones

A

rods:cones = 2:1

66
Q

rods

A

night vision - scotopic vision

67
Q

cones

A

daylight vision - photopic vision

68
Q

trichromatic theory

A

different colour experiences are due to the activation of just three receptor types

69
Q

trichromacy

A

colour is closely related to the proportions of responses of the three different types of cone receptors

70
Q

trichromatic theory of colour vision

A

millions of different perceived colours can be explained in terms of the responses of the three cone types

71
Q

centre-surround receptive fields

A

the receptive field of a visual cell is the retinal area that, when stimulated, can affect the firing of that cell

72
Q

colour-vision defficiences

A

defects in genes for making pigments in cones. 3 main types = red-green, blue-yellow, complete

73
Q

the lateral geniculate nucleus

A

performs further integration of info from the eye concerning colour, form, and motion. projects visual info to primary visual cortex

74
Q

retinotopy

A

adjacent points in the visual field project to adjacent location in the visual cortex

75
Q

depth perception is linked to

A

perceived size

76
Q

oculomotor cues

A

accommodation (far and near things), convergence (depth by sensing the angle of fixation)

77
Q

monocular cues

A

aerial perspective, linear perspective, 123 point perspective, motion parallax

PSYC1002 (6 decks)

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