Learning and Motivation

Question 1

what did pavlov condition his dog to do

Answer 1

salivate when he heard the bell ring even when he didnt see food

Question 2

pavlov experiment terms

Answer 2

food = US. salivation to food = UR. bell = CS. salivation to bell = CR

Question 3

2nd order conditioning

Answer 3

once a CS has acquired a conditioned response, it can also act as if it is a US itself

Question 4

acquisition

Answer 4

repeated presentations of the CS with the US that results in an increase in the CR

Question 5

extinction

Answer 5

repeated CS alone presentations following acquisition resulting in a reduction in the CR

Question 6

how does classical conditioning relate to human psychology more generally

Answer 6

classical conditioning as an experimental model for studying learning processes

Question 7

the CR is not always the same as

Answer 7

the UR

Question 8

food preferences and place preferences are

Answer 8

appetitive conditioning

Question 9

conditioned fear, conditioned taste aversions, place avoidance are

Answer 9

aversive conditioning

Question 10

conditioning in advertising

Answer 10

pairing of a product (CS) with desirable qualities (US)

Question 11

exposure therapy and extinction for

Answer 11

removing phobias

Question 12

edward lee thorndike’s puzzle box

Answer 12

had an animal in it with a release pedal and good outside the box. observed the progressive improvement in time for the animal to escape

Question 13

thorndike’s law of effect 1911

Answer 13

what a human/animal does is strongly influenced by the immediate consequences of such behaviour. if an action is met with satisfaction, the organism will be more likely to make the same action next time

Question 14

radical behaviourism

Answer 14

SKinner and Watson, rejection of anything unobservable

Question 15

reinforcers

Answer 15

events that result in an increase in a particular behaviour

Question 16

secondary reinforcers

Answer 16

acquire their reinforcing properties through experience

Question 17

social reinforcement

Answer 17

e.g. praise

Question 18

shaping

Answer 18

reinforce behaviours that are closer and closer to a target behaviour and gradually make the conditions of reinforcement more precise

Question 19

what affects instrumental learning

Answer 19

partially reinforced responses

Question 20

partially reinforced response

Answer 20

some form of response from an action, not necessarily positive or negative

Question 21

reinforcement schedules

Answer 21

ratio, interval

Question 22

ratio reinforcement schedule

Answer 22

fixed- you have to do something a certain amount of times to get a reward
variable - e.g. saleswrk. the more doors you knock on the more chance someone will sign up eventually

Question 23

interval reinforcement

Answer 23

fixed - fixed amount of time between reinforced response. variable - doesnt know how long between each response will be reinforced

Question 24

Skinner’s tripartite contingency

Answer 24

ABC of instrumental learning. Antecedent - the stimulus controlling behaviour. Behaviour - the behaviour in response to the stimuli. Consequence - the outcome/reinforcer of the behaviour

Question 25

generalisation and discrimination are

Answer 25

how a previously learned response transfers to a new but similar situation

Question 26

generalisation

Answer 26

the extent to which behaviour transfers to a new stimulus e.g. conditioned sexual fetish

Question 27

discrimination

Answer 27

the extent to which behaviour DOES NOT transfer to a new stimulus

Question 28

social learning

Answer 28

when behaviour changes as a direct result of observing the behaviour of others

Question 29

social facilitation

Answer 29

goal enhancement, stimulus enhancement, increased motivation to act

Question 30

classical conditioning through social observation

Answer 30

the behaviour of others can act as a US that supports classical conditioning

Question 31

observational conditioning

Answer 31

lab-raised monkeys are not afraid of snakes, but when they see a wild monkey act afraid of a snake they become afraid

Question 32

social (instrumental) learning

Answer 32

mimicry, imitation, emulation

Question 33

mimicry

Answer 33

a copied action that is made without reference to a goal, but that may not be reinforced

Question 34

emulation

Answer 34

there is understanding of the goal but the specific response required to obtain the goal may not be understood

Question 35

imitation

Answer 35

copied actions made with respect to the goal/consequence

Question 36

modelling

Answer 36

children will not only imitate an adult’s specific behaviour, but also model general styles of behaviour

Question 37

bandura 1965

Answer 37

looked at how does reinforcement influence modelling

Question 38

how does reinforcment influence modelling

Answer 38

model reward, model punished, no consequence

Question 39

social cognition theory

Answer 39

attention to the model, memorise the model’s actions, has motivation and ability to reproduce actions of the model

Question 40

what affects conditioning

Answer 40

frequency, intensity. contiguity (timing), contingency

Question 41

performance depends n

Answer 41

opportunity, motivation, sensory and motor capabilties

Question 42

reflexes

Answer 42

innate, learning not required

Question 43

instinct

Answer 43

behavioural sequence made up of units which are largely genetically determined, learning not required

Question 44

maturation

Answer 44

changes that take place in your behaviour bc you are getting older, learning not required

Question 45

fatigue

Answer 45

usually a transient state of discomfort

Question 46

simplest forms of learning

Answer 46

habituation and sensitisation

Question 47

habituation

Answer 47

decreased responding produced by repeated stimulation

Question 48

sensory adaption

Answer 48

sense organisms become temporary insensitive to stimulation

Question 49

sensitisation

Answer 49

increased responding produced by repeated stimulation

Question 50

fixed action patterns

Answer 50

the same behaviour is displayed by all members of the species in response to the same stimulus

Question 51

how can we tell if behaviour is instinctive

Answer 51

biological basis, cross-species and cultural similarity, twin-studies

Question 52

drives

Answer 52

flexible systems that organise behaviour around a basic need

Question 53

specific drive theory

Answer 53

the drive sensitises the individual to stimuli important to satisfy the drive, then motivates the individual to behaviour in a way to satisfy the drive

Question 54

general drive theory by clark hull

Answer 54

organisms suffer deprivations. deprivations produces needs. needs activate drives. drives activate behaviour. behaviour is determined by learning. reduction of drive is enforcing

Question 55

habit formation

Answer 55

a behaviour that reduces drive will be reinofrced and associated with the situation

Question 56

behaviour strength

Answer 56

habit x drive

Question 57

homeostatic drives

Answer 57

immediate biological needs e.g. hunger or thirst

Question 58

non-homeostatic drives

Answer 58

those not related to survival e.g. sex

Question 59

biological sources of morivation

Answer 59

proximal - facilitating survival of the organism. distal - facilitating survival of the species