Mental Abilities Flashcards
implicit theories of intelligene
entity and incremental
entity theory of implicit intelligence
belief that intelligence is fixed
incremental theory of implicit intelligence
belief that intelligence is malleable
explicit theories of intelligence
uses data and evidence
binet’s scale of intelligence testing
the youngest age at which a child of normal intelligence should be able to complete a task
mental age
part of Binet’s scale of intelligence, the age assigned to the most difficult task that you could complete
the goal of binet’s scale of intelligence testing
to identify children in need of remedial education
why did goddard introduce binet’s test to the USA
to prevent immigration and “propagation of morons”
the intelligence quotient (IQ)
introduced in the Stanford-Binet test, what mental age a person is
ratio IQ
mental age / chronological age x 100
deviation IQ
score based on how much you deviate from the average IQ of 100
intelligence as a construct
observable (manifest) variable,s unobservable (latent) variables
constructs
theoretical or hypothetical terms which cannot be directly observed, but are assumed to exist bc they give rise to measurable phenomena
stanford-binet IQ test
15 subsets in 4 areas of cognitive ability
4 areas of cognitive ability in stanford-binet IQ test
verbal reasoning, abstract reasoning, quantitative reasoning, short-term memory
who created the Gf-Gc theory
cattell
Gf
fluid intelligence - ability to deal with novelty e.g. reasoning
Gc
crystallised intelligence - acquired knowledge and skills e.g. spelling, reading, cognition
hierarchy of abilities
general intelligence, broad visual perception, broad auditory perception, broad retrieval ability, broad cognitive speediness, processing speed
measurement precision
reliability and validity
reliability
the ratio of the true score variance to observed score variance
estimation of reliability
test-retest reliability, equivalent forms, Cronbach’s alpha
test-retest reliability
same group of people are measured twice on the same test
equivalent forms (estimation of reliability)
measure the same phenomenon using two different forms of the test
cronbach’s alpha (estimation of reliability)
split-half reliability is an internal consistency estimate of reliability
validity
validity of measurement, validity of decision
validity of measurement
the extent to whic a test measures what it purports to measure, and meaningfulness of score
validity of decision
what needs to be valid is the meaning/interpretation of scores
characteristics of validity
content, construct, criterion
classical test theory
has 2 components - true score and an error
errors in classical test theory
test construction, test administration, errors in scoring, interpretation subjectivity
true score =
the ideal measurement + some error
Sir Francis Galton conclusion on heridtary
genius and feeble-mindedness runs in families
assumption of resemblance studies
if a psychological trait is affected by genetic factors, invidividuals thar are more similar genetically should be more similar with respect to that trait
problems with family resemblance studies
genetic relatedness is usually closely linked to environmental similarity
heritability
the proportion of the total variation in a given characteristic in a given population that can be attributed to genetic difference between members of that population
genotype
underlying genetic factors (in heritability) (Gv)
phenoteype
expression of underlying genetic factors can be influenced by environment, interaction between these two, and residual variation
heritability formula
H = Gv / Pv
gender differences in IQ
general trend = decline in gender differences over the past 50 years
racial differences in IQ
asian-american > white-american > black-american
book called The Bell Curve arguments
racial differences on IQ tests are inherent, and this should be taken into account in school and school policy, devoting resources to underprivileged students means gifted students wont reach potential
bias
a statistical concept
fairness
a social issue
stereotype threat
race differences are shown when people are told they are being tested on intellectual ability (between black and white americans)
the flynn effect
showed that IQ is getting higher over time through “modernisation”
severe traumatic brain injury leads to
widespread effects on brain tissue and widespread effects on cognitive function
white matter damage leads to
slow speed of processing
damage to temporal lobes leads to
memory difficulties
multi-factorial damage leads to
attention difficulties
damage to frontal lobe leads to
impaired executive function - poor planning, difficulties with abstract thinking, poor impulse control
