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PSYC1002 > Neuroscience > Flashcards

Neuroscience Flashcards

1
Q

two major divisions of the NS

A

central nervous system, peripheral nervous system

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2
Q

peripheral nervous system includes

A

sensory nerves, motor nerves, autonomic nervous system, enteric nervous sytem

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3
Q

sensory nerves

A

input to CNS from sensory organs

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4
Q

motor nerves

A

output from CNS to muscles

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5
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

controls many non-voluntary bodily functions (digestion, heart rate, sweating) has 2 branches - sympathetic and parasympathetic

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6
Q

enteric nervous system

A

controls digestive activity and senses physcial and chemical conditions of the gut

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7
Q

brain and spinal cord are protected by

A

bone, meninges, blood brain barrier

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8
Q

meninges

A

flexible sheet made from 3 membranes between bone and nervous tissue - dura mater, arachnoid membrane, pia mater

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9
Q

blood brain barrier

A

blood vessels supplying blood to CNS have special walls, restricting entry of many chemicals into CNS

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10
Q

the spinal cord

A

cable of neural fibres with “roots” branching off. interface between brain and peripheral nervous system

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11
Q

the brain

A

large clump of 100 billion neurons. 2 hemispheres, midline through the centre

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12
Q

the ventricles

A

cavities inside the brain filled with cerebro-spinal fluid, sewerage system of the CNS

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13
Q

major subdivision of the brain

A

brainstem, cerebellum, thalamus and hypothalamus, limbic system, basal ganglia, neocortex, corpus callosum

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14
Q

brainstem

A

at base of brain. controls life-supporting functions

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15
Q

cerebellum

A

on top of brainstem.. control of precision movements

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16
Q

thalamus

A

on top of brainstem, right on midline of brain. relays sensory info, except for smell

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17
Q

hypothalamus

A

on top of brainstem on midline. involved in control of hormones and motivational control. controls feeding and sexual behaviour

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18
Q

limbic system

A

wraps around thalamus. involved in control of memory and emotion

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19
Q

what parts are involved in the limbic system

A

cingulate cortex, fornix, hippocampus, amygdala, mammillary bodies, olfactory bulb

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20
Q

basal ganglia

A

wraps around thalamus. involved in action, thought, movement. affected by parkinsons disease

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21
Q

what parts are included in basal ganglia

A

right and left caudate, putamen, globus pallidus

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22
Q

neocortex

A

the wrinkly structure all over brain, made of tissue. has four lobes

23
Q

four lobes of the neocortex

A

frontal lobes, parietal lobes, temporal lobes, occipital lobes

24
Q

corpus callosum

A

collection of “cables” connecting our 2 brain hemispheres

25
Q

neurons are made up of

A

dendrites, soma, axon

26
Q

what signals do neurons convey to each other

A

binary (“on/off”) signlas

27
Q

the action potential

A

at specific moments, the neuron can open channels that let sodium ions enter and exit. neuron is bipolarised in these brief moments

28
Q

myelin

A

fatty substance on neurons produced by another type of cell in the NS. prevents depolaraisation

29
Q

how do neurons interact

A

neurons form small junctions called “synapses,” communicate across these

30
Q

transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

A

uses brief magnetic pulse next to skull to induce a small electrical current which depolarises neurons and can provoke action potentials

31
Q

electroencephalography (EEG)

A

electrode plates against skull can record electrial fields generated by combined/electrical activity of many neurons

32
Q

positron emission tomography (PET)

A

measures activity in brain by measuring changes in blood flow

33
Q

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

A

bombarding head with high frequency radio waves, while measuring orientation of protons

34
Q

functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

A

measures changes in oxygen in blood

35
Q

magnetoencephalography (MEG)

A

measures magnetic fields emitted from brain - created by electrical activity in neurons

36
Q

what keeps us awake

A

noradrenaline neurons, serotonin neurons, acetylcholine

37
Q

decerebration

A

disconnecting the forebrain frm brainstem. causes profound and almost continuous sleep

38
Q

preoptic area

A

destruction to this can cause insomnia, stimulation can induce sleep

39
Q

slow-wave sleep

A

role of reciprocal connections between thalamus and cortex in orchestrating synchronised neuronal activity

40
Q

REM sleep

A

when the brain waves become desynchronised

41
Q

hunger and satiety determined by

A

contents of stomach and substances circulating blood

42
Q

the lateral hypothalamus

A

regulates feeding by controlling release of insulin, regulating attention, influencing taste

43
Q

the ventromedial hypothalamus

A

destruction of this in rats causes them to become overeaters

44
Q

the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus

A

satiety is due to a hormone released in this area

45
Q

right hemisphere of brain

A

receives sensory input from left, controls motor response on left side of the body

46
Q

left hemisphere of the brain

A

receives sensory input from right side, controls motor response on right side of body

47
Q

hemispheric dominance

A

one side is dominant for each person

48
Q

speech areas of the brain

A

broca’s area, wenicke’s area

49
Q

broac’s area

A

lower posterior region of left frontal lobe. damage causes difficulties speaking

50
Q

wernicke’s area

A

posterior of left temporal lobe. damage causes problems with comprehension and speech

51
Q

case of henry molaison

A

surgeon removed hippocampus on both sides for treatment of epilepsy - worked for epilepsy but resulted in dense amnesia

52
Q

wernicke-korsakoff’s syndrome

A

severe vitamin B1 defficiency in chronic alcoholics triggers this - amnesia

53
Q

alzheimer’s disease

A

widespread neuro-degeneration in brain, brain shrinks, abnormal neural tissue present

PSYC1002 (6 decks)

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