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PSYC1002 > Cognitive Processes > Flashcards

Cognitive Processes Flashcards

1
Q

divided attention

A

study by Becklen with how many people in white shirts passed a ball

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2
Q

what attention is thought of

A

used to be as a spotlight, now thought of as only being attended to objects

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3
Q

attentional limits

A

you need to pay attention for info to be processed in your mind

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4
Q

in-attentional blindness

A

when you are not paying attention to something at all e.g. card trick

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5
Q

limited “attentional resources”

A

we can either focus on one thing and not process anything else, or spread our attentional resources across many things and perform each less well

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6
Q

early locus of attention

A

info is selected or rejected based on its physical characteristics. unattended stimuli will be processed crudely

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7
Q

late locus of attention

A

info is selected/rejected on the basis of more complex characteristics like its meaning. unattended stimuli do not have their meaning processed e.g. cocktail phenomenon

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8
Q

cocktail party phenomenon

A

we notice our name in a conversation we are not attending to

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9
Q

the lcoation of the attention filter depends on

A

cognitive load

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10
Q

involuntary, exogenous, stimulus-driven control of attention

A

when an object/feature “pops out” or captures attention

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11
Q

voluntary, endogenous, goal-directed control of attention

A

when we try to find an object or feature

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12
Q

change blindness

A

when we make a saccade or “jumping eye movement” the input washes out motion sensors

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13
Q

iconic and echoic (sensory) memory

A

literal copies of visual and auditory events, limited capacity

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14
Q

short-term memory

A

limited capacity, decays within 20 seconds if not rehearsed, phonological type of coding

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15
Q

chunking

A

can be used by turning the amount of things to be remembered into a smaller number of units, saving space in memory

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16
Q

serial position effects in short term recall

A

primacy - transferred to LTM and recency - info dumped from short term buffer

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17
Q

working memory consists of

A

central executive, phonological loop, visuo-spatial sketch pad, and episodic buffer

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18
Q

phonological loop

A

influences memory tasks. memory span depends on how long it takes to repeat info

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19
Q

central executive

A

manipulation of info, elaborative processing, reasoning, planning

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20
Q

long term memory

A

unlimited capacity, forgetting due to interference rather than decay, semantic type of encoding

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21
Q

explicit memory: episodic memory

A

your memory of your life history, important occasions

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22
Q

explicit memory: semantic memory

A

knowledge of the meanings of words, facts, a sense of knowing rather than remembering

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23
Q

nodes

A

e.g. canary, bird, animal

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24
Q

properties

A

e.g. yellow, wings, breathes

25
Q

cognitive economoy

A

each property is stored only once

26
Q

hierarchical networks

A

properties stored at the highest level, with interconnected nodes

27
Q

spreading activation

A

presenting a concept leads to activation of the appropriate node and to the spread of activation to related nodes

28
Q

schema

A

generalised mental representations or concepts describing objects, people, scenes

29
Q

importance of schema

A

make memory encoding more efficient

30
Q

negative thing about schema

A

force all kinds of info into existing schemas therefore distorting experience and perceptions

31
Q

the bechdel test

A

a movie has to have two women in it who talk about something other than a man

32
Q

stereotypes aka person schemas

A

used for ease of understanding

33
Q

scripts: event schemas

A

generalised mental representations of events in time

34
Q

priming

A

display or mention of one concept leads to spreading activation of related concepts

35
Q

procedural memory - explicit

A

semantic, episodic

36
Q

procedural memory - implicit

A

memory for how to do things, operates automaticall

37
Q

deep level of processing

A

abstract or concrete task

38
Q

explicit memory task

A

you know your memory is being tested

39
Q

implicit memory task

A

not told to try and remember, just to perform a task

40
Q

false memory

A

misleading “post-event” info integrated with original memory and permanently overwrites it

41
Q

what causes false memory

A

distortions of fitting memories into schemas and scripts

42
Q

flashbulb memories

A

usually traumatic events that shock the world where everyone shares emotion about the memory

43
Q

confabulation

A

you have no intention to deceive, but you are aware you have provided incorrect info

44
Q

recovered memories

A

under hypnosis or strong therapist suggestions

45
Q

infantile amnesia

A

almost no memories from birth to three years old

46
Q

why infantile amnesia

A

freud trauma theory, underdeveloped emotional encoding, neurological causes

47
Q

reminiscence bump

A

surprisingly large number of memories between 10-30 especially 15-25

48
Q

why reminiscence bump

A

time in your life your brain is growing a lot and where you gain some independence

49
Q

self-schema

A

strengths and weaknesses

50
Q

attitudes to study

A

self-schema, motivation to remember

51
Q

memory and ageing

A

myelination reduces with age and affects processing speed

52
Q

american schema of old people

A

slow, forgetful, frail. influences performance on memory tasks

53
Q

recognition

A

retrieval cue is given

54
Q

recall

A

harder, have to find the retrieval cues

55
Q

free recall task

A

report items from earlier study episode

56
Q

recognition task

A

select previously studied items from mixture of old and new items

57
Q

recognition task provides

A

a cue which can prime the memory network, however the cues can prime the wrong info

58
Q

retrieval is best when

A

encoding and retrieval match - mood, nature of task, smells, time

PSYC1002 (6 decks)

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