Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PSYC 2265 - Cognitive > Perception > Flashcards

Perception Flashcards

1
Q

What is perception?

A

-the process of recognizing, organizing and interpreting information from senses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the difference between perception and sensation?

A

-sensation is objective and perception is subjective

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the inverse projection problem and why is it hard for computers to observe similar objects?

A

-they confuse objects that share features (think of like a tennis ball and a circular plate)
-the human brain can go back into memories and figure out what it is

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is an example of a challenge of object perception?

A

-three shapes at different angles that are all different shapes but look like the same shape because of the way they are angled and the depth they are at. Humans can figure out these are different shapes but AI struggles to

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Why do AI struggle with hidden or blurred images? Think of a hidden pair of scissors, we know what they are but the AI program may struggle. Or blurred photos of celebrities.

A

-because we can go into our memory but a computer struggles with that

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is viewpoint invariance?

A

-the ability to recognize an object from different viewpoints

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is bottom-up processing?

A

-starts with the sensory receptors and then works up to the brain to identify the object/scene being perceived

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is top-down processing?

A

-based on the knowledge we have

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the three bottom-up approaches we discuss? (3)

A

-template matching theory
-feature approaches (Selfridge)
-recognition by components

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is template matching theory? Example. (2)

A

-we compare a stimulus with a set of templates we have in our memory and identify the object when a match is actually made
Example: the barcodes on items at the grocery template match the bar codes in the system which brings up the price

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is a huge downfall of template matching theory for humans?

A

-humans are able to interpret things that are scratched out or obscured or in different people’s handwriting (we essentially don’t do this)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the feature approaches pandemonium model by Selfridge?

A

-feature by feature analysis that allows for recognition, pattern recognition with “demons” processing visual information in stages.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the limits of the feature approaches pandemonium model?

A

-cannot breakdown extremely complex things or very simple things

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is recognition-by-components theory by Biederman?

A

-the way we perceive and recognize objects is by breaking them down into these individual 3D shapes he called geons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How many geons did Beiderman say we have?

A

-36

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the strengths of the recognition-by-components theory? (4)

A

-viewpoint invariance
-can recognize objects despite visual noise
-can produce 306 billion objects
-the ability to recognize geons develops early in life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the weaknesses of the recognition- by-components theory? (2)

A

-can’t take a 2D photo of an object and work backward to describe a 3D object
-based solely on geons it is hard to distinguish between objects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the three top-down approaches? (3)

A

-Helmhotz’s theory of unconscious inference
-getalt principles of organization
-environmental regularities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is speech segmentation?

A

-knowing when a word begins and ends in speech based on previous experience with the language, think about how you struggle to hear the separate words in german

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is Helmholtz’s theory of unconscious inference?

A

-when we are identifying objects, often we do it based on these unconscious assumptions that we make because of our experience, think about the blue and red rectangle example in class

21
Q

What is the likelihood principle?

A

-we perceive the world in the way that is “most likely” based on our past experiences

22
Q

What is Gestalt’s principles of organization? What is an example of this? (2)

A

-we view things as a whole, not their parts
-apparent motion, with the two dots that flash back and forth

23
Q

What is the law of good continuation?

A

-lines tend to be seen as following the smoothest path

24
Q

What is the law of good figure?

A

-we tend to interpret things in the simplest way possible, like the olympic rings

25
Q

What is the law of familiarity or meaningfulness?

A

-things are more likely to form groups if the groups appear familiar or meaningful

26
Q

What is the law of similarity?

A

-similar things appear grouped together

27
Q

What is the law of proximity?

A

-things near each other appear grouped together

28
Q

What is the law of common fate?

A

-things in the same direction appear to be grouped together

29
Q

What are regularities in the environment?

A

-things that occur frequently in our environment thus helps us to recognize them faster

30
Q

What are the two types of regularities in the environment?

A

-physical and semantic

31
Q

What is a physical regularity?

A

-regularly occurring physical properties of the environment, think about how rare slanted objects in our space are

32
Q

What are semantic regularities?

A

-the meaning of a scene, like if a classroom doesn’t look like a classroom

33
Q

What is the light from above heuristic?

A

-we perceive depth differently depending on where the light is coming from, think of church pew information

34
Q

What is a scene schema?

A

-the knowledge of what a given scene usually contains (like what you would expect to see in a doctors office)

35
Q

What is experience dependent plasticity? What is an example of this? (2)

A

-response properties of neurons are shaped by learning
-eye cells that respond more to vertical and horizontal lines because those are more in our environment

36
Q

What did the Greeble experiment do and show? (2)

A

-examine the fusiform face area where they did MRI while people looked at greebles before and after they were experts in them
-demonstrated that the fusiform face area (FFA) is not necessarily a specialized face recognition area, but rather an area involved in recognizing objects of expertise.

37
Q

What is amblyopia?

A

-weak muscles don’t allow the eyes to move in synchrony so one eye becomes stronger than the other

38
Q

What is a brain ablation?

A

-destroying a particular area of the brain to study brain function

39
Q

What is object discrimination?

A

-the ability to recognize and differentiate between different objects based on their features, such as shape, color, or texture.

40
Q

The ventral stream or the ‘what’ pathway processes which information?

A

-object discrimination

41
Q

What is landmark discrimination?

A

-the ability to recognize and use spatial cues or landmarks to navigate or make decisions about movement or location.

42
Q

The dorsal stream or where pathway processes which information?

A

-landmark discrimination

43
Q

Damage to the ventral stream causes what? What does this look like? (2)

A

-visual agnosia
-an inability to recognize objects despite having normal vision.

44
Q

Damage to the dorsal stream causes what? What does this look like?

A

-optic ataxia
-a person struggles to guide their movements based on visual input. They may be unable to reach for an object accurately, even though they can see it.

45
Q

What are mirror neuron’s?

A

-a special type of brain cell that activates both when we perform an action and when we observe someone else performing the same action. Essentially, they allow us to “mirror” the actions or emotions of others

46
Q

What is prosopagnosia?

A

-they have damage to the FFA area and cannot recognize faces

47
Q

What is hallucinogen persisting perception disorder?

A

-a condition where people experience recurring visual disturbances or other sensory perceptions after using hallucinogenic drugs

48
Q

What is akinetopsia?

A

-the inability to perceive motion

49
Q
A

PSYC 2265 - Cognitive (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions