Long-term Memory: Structure

Question 1

Define long term memory

Answer 1

-archive of information about past events and knowledge learned

Question 2

What is long term memory storage like?

Answer 2

-can be anything from a few moments ago to the first memories ever

Question 3

What is Korsakoff syndrome?

Answer 3

-results from chronic alcoholism and is when you lack B1 vitamins

Question 4

What is the consequences of Korsakoff’s syndrome

Answer 4

-destroys cells in temporal and frontal lobe so the person is unable to form new long term memories

Question 5

Is there overlap between short term and long term memory?

Answer 5

-a bit, although they use different mechanisms

Question 6

Describe Murdoch research on which words were remembered? Or the serial position curve.

Answer 6

-words given at first are remembered some what and in the middle less so and at the end the best

Question 7

What is the primacy effect?

Answer 7

-remembering words that are said first because you rehearse the first set of words more than the subsequent words let us put them into LTM

Question 8

What is the recency effect? Why does it occur? (2)

Answer 8

-you remember the words last in the list better
-because these words are still in your short term memory

Question 9

What is the predominant type of coding in long term memory

Answer 9

-semantic coding

Question 10

What is semantic coding?

Answer 10

-when someone remembers the gist of an event, not exact wording

Question 11

What are the other types of coding in long term memory?

Answer 11

-auditory like remembering someone’s voice and visual, remembering someone face

Question 12

Compare visual coding in short term and long term memory.

Answer 12

STM: holding an image in the mind to reproduce a visual pattern that was just seen (Della sala)
LTM: visualizing what the Calgary tower looked like last weekend

Question 13

Compare short term and long term auditory coding

Answer 13

STM: representing the sounds of letters in the mind after just hearing them
LTM: a song you have heard many times before repeating over and over in your mind

Question 14

What is semantic short term vs long term coding

Answer 14

STM: placing words into categories based on their meaning
LTM: recalling the general plot of a novel you read last week

Question 15

Describe the breakdown of long term memory

Answer 15

Explicit (conscious) and Implicit (not conscious)
Explicit: episodic (personal events) and semantic (factual)
Implicit: priming, procedural memory (how to ride a bike), conditioning (classical conditioning)

Question 16

What is explicit memory also called?

Answer 16

-it is conscious memory also called declarative

Question 17

What is implicit memory also called?

Answer 17

-non declarative

Question 18

Define declarative

Answer 18

-conscious recollection of events experienced and facts learned

Question 19

Which type of memory requires mental time travel?

Answer 19

-episodic, not semantic think about talking about what you did on your 18th birthday

Question 20

Describe K.C condition

Answer 20

-he had no episodic memory so could not relive any events of his past but had intact semantic memory so could remember general information about the past
-could remember that his brother had died but cannot remember how he found out

Question 21

Describe K.C condition

Answer 21

-he had no episodic memory so could not relive any events of his past but had intact semantic memory so could remember general information about the past
-could remember that his brother had died but cannot remember how he found out

Question 22

Describe the Italian woman’s story

Answer 22

-lost semantic memory and cannot remember the meaning of words but retained episodic memory and can recall the events of her past
-couldn’t remember meaning of words on shopping list or where items were and couldn’t remember facts

Question 23

Brain imaging shows what for retrieving episodic and semantic memory?

Answer 23

-they activate different areas of the brain

Question 24

What happened to E.P?

Answer 24

-hippocampus was destroyed couldn’t make new memories

Question 25

What is an example of episodic memory fading to semantic.

Answer 25

-watching the video of EP, you may retain the semantic information that when someone repeats the same thing over and over again that something has happened to the hippocampus but you don’t remember watching the video. I know this but I can’t remember why

Question 26

Describe how semantic knowledge can enhance episodic memory.

Answer 26

-your knowledge of a basketball game enhances your understanding of a basketball game you’re watching

Question 27

What are personal semantic memories. Example (2)

Answer 27

-facts associated with your personal experience
-example, you’re talking about your 18th birthday there are semantic facts there too like what day is your birthday or who went with you

Question 28

How do we know that overtime episodic memories fade but semantic do not?

Answer 28

-remember-know method where people are shown public events and then later asked to recall the event

Question 29

What are the three options for the remember know method?(3)

Answer 29

If they:
-remember if stimulus is familiar and the circumstances under which they originally encountered it or saw it (episodic and semantic)
-know the stimulus is familiar but don’t remember the encounter (semantic
-don’t remember

Question 30

What is the semanticizatiln of remote memories?

Answer 30

-the older the memory, it is remember more semantically and less episodically

Question 31

What does the constructive episodic stimulation hypothesis?

Answer 31

-they were put into a brain scan machine and asked to think about for example their high school grad and predict what their university grad would look like and it lit up very similar areas in the brain

Question 32

What are the two types of positive priming? (2)

Answer 32

-repetition priming: when the test stimulus is the same as or resembles the priming stimulus
-conceptual priming: based on meaning, like salt and then pepper

Question 33

What did Tulving do?

Answer 33

-primed people with a list of words then gave them words to fill out, like pa___. Looked at priming

Question 34

What did Graf do? (3)

Answer 34

-had three groups of people with and without amnesia caused by alcoholism
-were presented with a list of words and told to say how much they liked each word then later asked to recall and also to complete the word
-people with Korsakoff implicit memory is still intact, they did better than everyone else on the completed the word task

Question 35

What did Graf do with Korsakoff patients? (3)

Answer 35

-had three groups of people with and without amnesia caused by alcoholism
-were presented with a list of words and told to say how much they liked each word then later asked to recall and also to complete the word
-people with Korsakoff implicit memory is still in take and they did better than everyone else on the completed the word task

Question 36

What is the propaganda (illusory truth) effect?

Answer 36

-more likely to rate statements read or heard before as being true

Question 37

What is skill memory?

Answer 37

-memory for actions, a form of procedural, with no memory of where or when learned

Question 38

What does the mirror task show?

Answer 38

-you have to draw a star looking in a mirror, form of skill memory

Question 39

Can people who do not form new LTM still learn new skills?

Answer 39

-yes, think of the dancer with Alzheimers who still remembers it

Question 40

What else is involved in implicit memory?

Answer 40

-emotions like fear or sadness