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perception Flashcards

1
Q

perception includes:

A

visual perception
audition
touch
pain

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2
Q

world to visual signal in brain

A

signal of 400-700mm for brain to process and encode
photoreceptors convert light wave energy into neural signal
- light energy –> neural activity

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3
Q

structure and function of the eye

Retina

A
  • image on the retina is flipeed upside down and backwards
  • light wave energy into back surface of eye
  • shadows and disruptions are not seen
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4
Q

photoreceptor specialised function

A

first stage of information processing

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5
Q

2 photoreceptor types

A

Cones
Rods

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6
Q

RODS

A

work in dim lighting
- sensitive to movement but not fine detail or colour
- in dim lighting no colour, cone photoreceptors can’t work
* found in the periphery

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7
Q

CONES

function and location

A

work in good lighting and are sensitive to fine detail and colour
* interpret colour detail
* predominately found at the fovea
* at the fovea - 170 thousand receptors per mm^2

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8
Q

Visual acuity

A

ability to see fine detail
- this is determined by the properies of rods and cones
- no light receptors when blinking

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9
Q

context for vision

C + C

A
  1. colour contrast - colours we perceive are influenced by its surrounding
  2. colour constancy - tendency of a surface to appear the same colour under range of illuminants
    * need to discount the illuminant (light) and determine true colour

light sources - bent shape, colours to different, creates shadow

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10
Q

retinal image to recognisable objects

A
  • visual info seen on right of fixation is processed in left of brain
  • visual info on left of fixation is processed on right
    of brain
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11
Q

primary visual cortex

V1

A

first stage of cortical (visual processing)
- involved with the coding of lines and edges in visual scene

cortical cell sensitive to orientation

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12
Q

rules for visual cues

4 gestalt principles

A

linking oriented lines to outline shapes
- organise images into figures of interest and background = figure ground segregation
* similarity
* proximity
* closure
* continuity

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13
Q

Similarity

A
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14
Q

Proximity

A
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15
Q

Closure

A
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16
Q

Continuity

A
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17
Q

2 cues

depth of vision

A
  • monocular cues
  • binocular cues
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18
Q

M

  1. linear perspective
A

tendency for lines to converge when parallel
further away = smaller

eg. train tracks

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19
Q

2 interposition/occlusion

A

cue to relative depth order
one object can obstruct the view of part of another object

20
Q

3 relative heights

A
  • distant objects are seen as smaller and higher in relation to items that are closer.

Relative to horizon
Closer to horizon - further away

21
Q

4 clarity

A

Depth cue based on that light is scattered by the atmosphere
More light is scattered when we look through more atmosphere
More distant objects appear fainter, bluer, and less distinct

22
Q

5 Relative size

A

comparison of size between items
- if all equal, assume smaller objects are further than larger ones
-

23
Q

6 motion parallax

A

Images close to the observer move faster across the visual field that images farther away

24
Q

binocular clarity

A
  • each eye has different view
  • where we are not looking, the brain sees double (fovea)
25
Q

Audition

sound, F + A

A

sound = pressure waves in air, water
- frequency
- amplitude

26
Q

frequency is

A

number of sound waves or cycles per second
1 Hz = 1 cycle/second
humans - 20 to 2000Hz

27
Q

Amplitude

A

the vertical size of the sound waves
Decibels dB - measure of physical pressure at the eardrum

28
Q

auditory system function

A

amplitude and frequency into nerve impluses
- waves to mechanical energy

29
Q

Outer ear

A

Pina - directing sound wave in
eardrum - sound waves pressure, eardrum flexes, malleable
- eardrum moves with sound waves, F + A

30
Q

Middle ear

A

ossicles - arrangement of bones act like an amplifier
transmit sound wave pressure into mechanical movement

31
Q

Inner ear

A

cochlea - full of fluid
- sound wave pressure pushing on cochlea
- mechanical movement of fluid in cochlea bends hair cells
- triggers neuronal signal - sway

32
Q

Hair cells

A

cilia (hairs) sway and distort at their base
opens ion channel
- sodium potassium exchange
- action potential and voltage

33
Q

mechanical action potential

A
  • sound wave pressure
  • bones mechanical movement
  • fluid ripples and moves hair cells
  • language of the brain
34
Q

2 theories for coding frequency

auditory information

A
  • frequency theory
  • place theory
35
Q

freq theory

A

brain processes low freq sounds as cochlea fluid moves hair
rate in encoded by how fast hair cell is producing action potentials

freq of fluid, freq of hairs moving, freq of action potentials they produce

36
Q

place theory

area for high and low freq

A

sense sound frequency according to the locations of fluid activity in cochlear

cochlear basilar membrane:
- brittle end - resonsate high freq
- narrow, stiff end
- gelatinous end - low freq, more activity, wide, flexible

37
Q

localising sound

A

sound - perceived first and loudest by closer ear
- sensitive ability
- vision dominates

38
Q

Balance

SEMI CIRCULAR CANALS

vestibular system

A

semi circular canals give assocation with up down left right movement
- fluid movement –> neural signals for brain to interpret movement

visual and vestibular different - nausea
horizonal plane

39
Q

touch receptors are

A

embedded in epidermis, underlying
- pressure
- vibration
- hot
- cold

40
Q

kinesthetic receptors are

A

mechanoreceptors
- muscles, tendons, joints
- sense of where limbs and movements are

41
Q

touch and sensitivity

A

different detectors for sensations
- nerve signals, mapping of these in brain give location

information passes through spinal cord

42
Q

touch sensations - brains role

A
  • somatotopically (homunculus) in the brain
  • adjacent areas on skin connect to adjacent area in brain
43
Q

Homunculus

A

representation of regions of body in brain
- more sensitivity - lips, fingers, more nerve endings
- larger areas of brain for this

44
Q

Pain

A

subjective experience 2 components
= stimulus + emotional response

adaptive sensation
- functional
- survival

45
Q

Analgesia

A

decreasing pain sensation during conscious experience

46
Q

Endorphins

A

neurotransmitters associated with pain inhibition
endogenous or exogenous factors:
- naturally released in body
- external factors - morphine

47
Q

Phantom pain

A

sensation perceived from a physically amputated limp of body
- brain not aware, attributes signals

positive feedback loop:
- brain sends signals to arm
- kinaesthetic receptors (but none present in the area)
- patient no feedback as no limp
- hand stays clenched

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