consciousness Flashcards

1
Q

what is consciousness?

A

moment to moment awareness of ourselves in our environment

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2
Q

features of consciousness

A
  • subjective and private
  • dynamic ever changing
  • self-reflective
  • central to sense of self
  • linked to selective attention
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3
Q

Freudian viewpoint

3 levels of consciousness

A
  1. conscious mind - aware thoughts and perceptions
  2. preconscious - mental events easily recalled
  3. unconscious - events not brought into conscious awareness, no access
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4
Q

Cognitive viewpoint

2 aspects insieme

A

1. controlled conscious processing
top down
- conscious use of attention and effort

  1. automatic unconscious processing
    bottom up
    - occurs without conscious awareness or effort
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5
Q

3 ways

measuring consciousness

A
  1. self-report - questionnaires, subjective, limited
  2. behavioural - tasks based on performance to infer consciousness
  3. physiological - heart rate monitors, eeg sleep testing, brain signals
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6
Q

where is consciousness?

A

no single place
- together in mind as information-processing modules

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7
Q

unconscious information affects behaviour and performance

4 ways

A

**- visual agnosia **- inability to visally recognise objects, prosopragnosia
- blindsight - blindness in part of visial field
- hemispatial neglect - part of image not seen, lack of awareness, due to damage of brain hemisphere
- hallucinations - perceptions of things not present

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8
Q

impact of drugs

blood-brain barrier

A

lining of packed cells
- let vital nutrients pass through so neurons can function
- screens out foreign substances
various drugs can pass through

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9
Q

how are drugs carried to brain?

A

by capillaries
- drugs facilitate/inhibit synaptic transmission

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10
Q

type of drugs

Agonist

A

increases activity of a neurotransmitter

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11
Q

types of drugs

antagonist

A

decreases the activity of a neurotransmitter

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12
Q

the 5 classes of drugs

A
  • depressants
  • stimulants
  • opiates
  • hallucinogens
  • marijuana
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13
Q

tolerance vs withdrawal

A
  • tolerance - intensity of effects of drug decreases with repeated use
  • withdrawal - opposite effect of drugs, as compensatory symptoms
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14
Q

different effects of drugs due to…?

A
  • environmental factors - new environ stronger effect
  • biological - genetics
  • physiological - placebo effect
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15
Q

what is hypnosis?

A

a procedure in which one person is guided by another to respond to suggestions

not everyone is susceptible

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16
Q

theories of hypnosis

A
  1. dissociation
  2. social-cognitive
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17
Q

theory

  1. dissociation
A

hyponosis as antered state involving a division of consciousness
- one responding to suggestions
- one hidden observer - aware

18
Q

theory

  1. social-cognitive
A

hypnotic experiences result from expectations of people motivated to be hypnotised

19
Q

Sleep

A

= circadian rhythms
biological cycles within the body
- occur 24-hour cycle

20
Q

how much sleep?

A
  • birth-young = REM sleep, longer hours
  • as age increases, REM + non-REM sleep reduces
21
Q

purpose of sleep

A

to restore the body
- cognitive functioning
- brain health

  • information transferred to long-term
22
Q

how sleep is measured:

A

EEG - electroencephalography

  • electrodes read electricity from brain, record brain waves
23
Q

EEG signals when awake

B + A

A

BETA

ALPHA

24
Q

Beta waves are

A

present when you are awake and alert

small wave forms

25
Alpha waves
present when you are feeling relaxed and drowsy
26
Sleep Stage 1
**light sleep, easily awakened** - brain wave patterns are irregular - presence of slower theta waves increase - sleep spindles begin
27
Sleep stage 2
**deeper level, characterised by sleep spindles** - breathing + heart slows - muscles relax - dreams may occur - difficult to be awakened
28
# SLOW WAVE DEEP SLEEP stage 3
slow large delta waves
29
Stage 4
deepest level - dominated by delta waves - body relaxed, hard to wake | both Stage 3 + 4 relaxed
30
REM Sleep
rapid eye movement - high arousal and frequent dreaming
31
REM sleep paralysis
inability to move muscles
32
paradoxical sleep
body is highly aroused, little movement
33
REM rebound effect
tendency to increase amount of REm sleep after being deprived of it
34
example of sleep cycles | 3/4 a night
start stage 1,2,3,4 2 to REM 2,3,4 2 to REM 2,3,4, or REM or wakeup
35
when do we dream? | hypnagogic state
during REM sleep - can occur during any sleep stage **Hypnagogic state** = lucid dreaming - the transitional state from wakefulness through early stage 2
36
dream about...
negative content life experiences
37
Dream theories
1. freud psychoanalytic 2. cognitive 3. activation-synthesis
38
1 freud psychoanalytic
wish fulfilment - gratification of unconscious needs
39
2 Cognitive
problem solving dream models to find creative solutions focus on the process of how we dream
40
3 activation-synthesis
dreams no function - random neural activity during REM sleep and cerebral cortex