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study s1 > Cognition + memory > Flashcards

Cognition + memory Flashcards

1
Q

cognitive psychology

A

area that studies mental processes of thinking, memory, perception, planning

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2
Q

inattentional blindness

A

failure to see something in our view because attention is preoccupied

in the brain

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3
Q

inattention example

A

counting basketball passes and dont see big gorilla cross the frame

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4
Q

change blindness

A

failure to update representations between views

attention is limited

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5
Q

feature search vs conjunction search

A

F - visual search task, visual pop-out
eg. slanted line amongst straight lines.

C - selective attention required, features are combined
eg. find yellow square amongst red squares and yellow circles.

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6
Q

selective attention

A

binds simple features together
- slow and serial binding

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7
Q

Top-down attention

A

Voluntary, purposeful, strategic directing of attention
- used in visual search eg. finding fruit in fridge

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8
Q

Bottom-up attention

A

Reflexive capture of attention
- (grab attention on their own)
- eg. party loud conversation, but if someone says your name, you hear it

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9
Q

attention prioritises emotion

A

attention often prioritises emotional information
- eg sensitive to emotional stimuli

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10
Q

Dot probe task

A

reaction time tested
participants choose which side dot appears as fast as possible
stimuli with emotional face - attention grabs to image faster
- spatial attention has oriented to that side

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11
Q

Attention bias

A

bias towards emotionally threatening over neutral images in people with anxiety

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12
Q

cognitive bias modification

A

emotion-induced blindness task
- searching for rotated picture in a series
- keeps us from seeing things as emotional stimuli is prioritised

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13
Q

Memory is

A

the process that allows us to record, store and retrieve experiences and information

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14
Q

3 core components

E, S, R

A
  • encoding - information in and interpreted
  • storage - stored for later usage
  • retrieval - info back to forefront
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15
Q

3 stage model of memory

SEE NOTES FOR DIAGRAM

A
  1. sensory memory
  2. working memory
  3. long term memory

atkinson shfriifin 1968

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16
Q
  1. sensory memory
A

brief high capacity representation of what is being sensed
- iconic - visual sensory memory lasts 1/4 of a second
- echoic - auditory sensory memory lasts 2-4 seconds

12 items of screen, then indicate a tone for which item is recalled
when images disappear, iconic memory is lingering
unattended info is lost

17
Q

2 working memory

short term

A

a limited capacity system that temporarily stores and processes information

  • luck and vogel - coloured dots test, measuring visual working memory
18
Q

Working memory model

central executive and 3 buffers

A
  • visuospatial sketchpad - navigation, visual stimuli
    episodic buffer - take info from long term to working memory
    phonological loop - auditory stimuli

- buffers managed by central executive

19
Q

memory is limited

A
  • a limited amount of info can be held at any given time
    7 + / -2 items = memory span, now up to 4 items
  • information last about 20-30 seconds if not actively used/processed

rehearsal helps

20
Q

3 long term memory

A

transfers memory into long-term storage
no known capacity
eg. series of words
first few remembered most = primacy effect
last few = recency effect, retrieved

serial position effect

21
Q

E, D, I, P

types of long term memory

4 types: here is E, D

A

explicit memory - requires conscious or intentional memory retrieval

declarative - involves factual knowledge
- 2 subcategories:
- episodic (personal experience)
- semantic (general factual knowledge)

22
Q

types of long term memory

I and P

A

implicit memory - memory that influences our behaviour without conscious awareness

procedural - involves skills and actions, classically conditioned responses

23
Q

depth of processing

A

using elaboration
- structural- shallow - uppercase word?
- phonemic - deeper - rhyme?
- semantic - deepest - fit in a shoebox?

24
Q

context-dependent memory

A

remembered with tested in same environment
- cues to assist memory recover
- easier to remember events that match your internal state/mood
- environment and mood as retrieval cues

25
Q

emotions influence mood

flashbulb

A

flashbulb - vivid recollection of doing something when something emotional occured
- emotions enhance consolidation

26
Q

how are memories formed?

A

Formed by series of biochemical events that occur between and within neruons, synaptic change (memories occur with synaptic change)

Long term potentiation LTP - enduring increase in synaptic strength

27
Q

areas of brain for memory

SEE NOTES W8 FOR DIAGRAM

A

hippocampus - for spatial memory, consolidation

ALSO, cortex, thalamus, cerebellum

28
Q

types of amnesia

R, A, I

A
  1. retrograde - memory loss for events before onset of amnesia
  2. anterograde - memory loss for events after onset of amnesia, struggle new ones
  3. infantile - loss of early experiences, 2-4yo, retrieval/encoding issues
29
Q

Neurodegeneration

Dementia

A

Impaired memory and cognitive deficits, interfere with normal functioning

30
Q

neurodegeneration

Alzheimer’s disease

A

progressive brain disorder that is the most common cause of dementia

memory loss over time:
– environmental
genetic influences

31
Q

what is Hyperthymestic syndrome

A

highly superior autobiographical memory

32
Q

misinformation effect is

A

the distortion of a memory by misleading post-event information

memories as a constructive process

eg. participants told about memory that they were ‘lost in the mall’ - 25% of people remembered expeirence that never occurred.

33
Q

Source monitoring

  • source confusion
    • internal
  • external source monitoring
A

E - distinguishing between external sources (what i saw, what someone told me)

I - between internal sources - what i thought, what i said

confusion - mistakes in keeping track of where info came from.

34
Q

source monitoring errors

A
  • memories may be combined
  • susceptible to being misremembered
35
Q

Heuristics are

A

rules of thumb
- make fast judgement based on partial data
- intuitive, efficient
- subject to bias and failure

36
Q

types of heuritics

A
  1. availability - decision on what comes to mind
  2. recognition - recgonised objects that higher value that those not recognised
  3. anchoring/adjustment - rely on first piece and adjust from there
37
Q

Schemas are:

A

mental framework
help us perceive, organise, process information

  • based on experience and expertise
  • encode in ways fit with pre-existing assumptions
38
Q

Factors on memory during eyewitness testimonies

A
  • disproportionate focus on weapons
  • racial disparities
  • influence of leading questions
  • facial features covered
    -anxiety or stress

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