Cognition + memory Flashcards

1
Q

cognitive psychology

A

area that studies mental processes of thinking, memory, perception, planning

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2
Q

inattentional blindness

A

failure to see something in our view because attention is preoccupied

in the brain

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3
Q

inattention example

A

counting basketball passes and dont see big gorilla cross the frame

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4
Q

change blindness

A

failure to update representations between views

attention is limited

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5
Q

feature search vs conjunction search

A

F - visual search task, visual pop-out
eg. slanted line amongst straight lines.

C - selective attention required, features are combined
eg. find yellow square amongst red squares and yellow circles.

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6
Q

selective attention

A

binds simple features together
- slow and serial binding

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7
Q

Top-down attention

A

Voluntary, purposeful, strategic directing of attention
- used in visual search eg. finding fruit in fridge

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8
Q

Bottom-up attention

A

Reflexive capture of attention
- (grab attention on their own)
- eg. party loud conversation, but if someone says your name, you hear it

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9
Q

attention prioritises emotion

A

attention often prioritises emotional information
- eg sensitive to emotional stimuli

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10
Q

Dot probe task

A

reaction time tested
participants choose which side dot appears as fast as possible
stimuli with emotional face - attention grabs to image faster
- spatial attention has oriented to that side

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11
Q

Attention bias

A

bias towards emotionally threatening over neutral images in people with anxiety

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12
Q

cognitive bias modification

A

emotion-induced blindness task
- searching for rotated picture in a series
- keeps us from seeing things as emotional stimuli is prioritised

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13
Q

Memory is

A

the process that allows us to record, store and retrieve experiences and information

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14
Q

3 core components

E, S, R

A
  • encoding - information in and interpreted
  • storage - stored for later usage
  • retrieval - info back to forefront
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15
Q

3 stage model of memory

SEE NOTES FOR DIAGRAM

A
  1. sensory memory
  2. working memory
  3. long term memory

atkinson shfriifin 1968

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16
Q
  1. sensory memory
A

brief high capacity representation of what is being sensed
- iconic - visual sensory memory lasts 1/4 of a second
- echoic - auditory sensory memory lasts 2-4 seconds

12 items of screen, then indicate a tone for which item is recalled
when images disappear, iconic memory is lingering
unattended info is lost

17
Q

2 working memory

short term

A

a limited capacity system that temporarily stores and processes information

  • luck and vogel - coloured dots test, measuring visual working memory
18
Q

Working memory model

central executive and 3 buffers

A
  • visuospatial sketchpad - navigation, visual stimuli
    episodic buffer - take info from long term to working memory
    phonological loop - auditory stimuli

- buffers managed by central executive

19
Q

memory is limited

A
  • a limited amount of info can be held at any given time
    7 + / -2 items = memory span, now up to 4 items
  • information last about 20-30 seconds if not actively used/processed

rehearsal helps

20
Q

3 long term memory

A

transfers memory into long-term storage
no known capacity
eg. series of words
first few remembered most = primacy effect
last few = recency effect, retrieved

serial position effect

21
Q

E, D, I, P

types of long term memory

4 types: here is E, D

A

explicit memory - requires conscious or intentional memory retrieval

declarative - involves factual knowledge
- 2 subcategories:
- episodic (personal experience)
- semantic (general factual knowledge)

22
Q

types of long term memory

I and P

A

implicit memory - memory that influences our behaviour without conscious awareness

procedural - involves skills and actions, classically conditioned responses

23
Q

depth of processing

A

using elaboration
- structural- shallow - uppercase word?
- phonemic - deeper - rhyme?
- semantic - deepest - fit in a shoebox?

24
Q

context-dependent memory

A

remembered with tested in same environment
- cues to assist memory recover
- easier to remember events that match your internal state/mood
- environment and mood as retrieval cues

25
emotions influence mood | flashbulb
flashbulb - vivid recollection of doing something when something emotional occured - emotions enhance consolidation
26
how are memories formed?
Formed by series of biochemical events that occur between and within neruons, synaptic change (memories occur with synaptic change) Long term potentiation LTP - enduring increase in synaptic strength
27
areas of brain for memory | SEE NOTES W8 FOR DIAGRAM
hippocampus - for spatial memory, consolidation | ALSO, cortex, thalamus, cerebellum
28
types of amnesia | R, A, I
1. retrograde - memory loss for events before onset of amnesia 2. anterograde - memory loss for events after onset of amnesia, struggle new ones 3. infantile - loss of early experiences, 2-4yo, retrieval/encoding issues
29
# Neurodegeneration Dementia
Impaired memory and cognitive deficits, interfere with normal functioning
30
# neurodegeneration Alzheimer's disease
progressive brain disorder that is the most common cause of dementia ## Footnote memory loss over time: -- environmental genetic influences
31
what is Hyperthymestic syndrome
highly superior autobiographical memory
32
misinformation effect is
the distortion of a memory by misleading post-event information | memories as a constructive process ## Footnote eg. participants told about memory that they were 'lost in the mall' - 25% of people remembered expeirence that never occurred.
33
Source monitoring ## Footnote - source confusion - - internal - external source monitoring
E - distinguishing between external sources (what i saw, what someone told me) I - between internal sources - what i thought, what i said confusion - mistakes in keeping track of where info came from.
34
source monitoring errors
- memories may be combined - susceptible to being misremembered
35
Heuristics are
rules of thumb - make fast judgement based on partial data - intuitive, efficient - subject to bias and failure
36
types of heuritics
1. availability - decision on what comes to mind 2. recognition - recgonised objects that higher value that those not recognised 3. anchoring/adjustment - rely on first piece and adjust from there
37
Schemas are:
mental framework help us perceive, organise, process information - based on experience and expertise - encode in ways fit with pre-existing assumptions
38
Factors on memory during eyewitness testimonies
- disproportionate focus on weapons - racial disparities - influence of leading questions - facial features covered -anxiety or stress